Physics 102 > Temperature > Flashcards

Temperature Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the operational definition of temperature?

A

The quantity measured with a thermometer

Temperature is defined in terms of how it is observed or measured.

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2
Q

Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of what?

A

Translation

This relationship provides a more physical definition of temperature.

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3
Q

What is heat transfer?

A

The movement of energy from one place or material to another due to a difference in temperature

Differences in temperature maintain heat transfer throughout the universe.

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4
Q

Define thermal equilibrium.

A

Two objects in close contact with no net energy transfer between them

Thermal equilibrium can also occur when objects are not in contact.

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5
Q

What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

A

If object A is in equilibrium with B, and B is in equilibrium with C, then A is in equilibrium with C

This law establishes the concept of thermal equilibrium across multiple objects.

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6
Q

True or false: If two objects are in thermal equilibrium, they have different temperatures.

A

FALSE

Objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.

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7
Q

What does a thermometer measure?

A

Its own temperature

A thermometer can also indicate the temperature of another object in thermal equilibrium.

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8
Q

A system in thermodynamics consists of how many molecules?

A

A huge number, such as 10^23

A thermodynamic system must be macroscopic.

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9
Q

What happens when two objects remain in contact for a long time?

A

They typically come to thermal equilibrium

No net energy is exchanged between them when they reach equilibrium.

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10
Q

What are the three most common temperature scales?

A
  • Fahrenheit
  • Celsius
  • Kelvin

These scales are used to measure temperature based on reproducible points.

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11
Q

The freezing point of water on the Celsius scale is _______.

A

0°C

The boiling point of water on the Celsius scale is 100°C.

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12
Q

The Fahrenheit scale has the freezing point of water at _______.

A

32°F

The boiling point of water on the Fahrenheit scale is 212°F.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between a temperature difference of one degree on the Celsius scale and the Fahrenheit scale?

A

1°C = 1.8°F

This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius is equivalent to a difference of 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.

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14
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

The lowest possible temperature where average kinetic energy is zero

Absolute zero is defined as 0 K on the Kelvin scale.

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15
Q

The Kelvin scale is commonly used in science and has its zero point at _______.

A

0 K

The freezing and boiling points of water on the Kelvin scale are 273.15 K and 373.15 K, respectively.

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16
Q

To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, which equation is used?

A

𝑇F=9/5 * 𝑇C + 32

This equation allows for the conversion of temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit.

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17
Q

To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, which equation is used?

A

𝑇C=5/9 * (𝑇F−32)

This equation allows for the conversion of temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.

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18
Q

The triple point is defined as the unique combination of temperature and pressure at which _______.

A

ice, liquid water, and water vapor coexist stably

The triple-point temperature is defined as 273.16 K.

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19
Q

What type of thermometer is primarily used as a standard for calibrating other thermometers?

A

Constant-volume gas thermometer

This thermometer measures temperature changes proportional to changes in pressure.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The alcohol thermometer operates on the principle that volume _______ with temperature.

A

increases

This property is used in common alcohol thermometers.

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21
Q

True or false: The Kelvin scale is accompanied by a degree sign.

A

FALSE

The SI temperature unit is the kelvin, abbreviated as K, without a degree sign.

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22
Q

What is the room temperature generally defined as in physics?

A

25°C

Room temperature can be converted to Fahrenheit and Kelvin using the appropriate equations.

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23
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

The change in size or volume of a system as its temperature changes

Commonly observed in phenomena like the expansion of alcohol in thermometers and hot air rising.

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24
Q

What happens to hot air when it is heated?

A

It expands and becomes less dense

This causes hot air to rise, affecting steam, smoke, and hot air balloons.

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25
What is the **underlying cause** of thermal expansion?
Increase in kinetic energy of individual atoms ## Footnote Higher temperatures lead to greater average distances between molecules.
26
What is the equation for **linear thermal expansion**?
Δ𝐿=𝛼𝐿Δ𝑇 ## Footnote Where Δ𝐿 is the change in length, 𝛼 is the coefficient of linear expansion, and Δ𝑇 is the change in temperature.
27
What does the coefficient of linear expansion **𝛼** represent?
A material property that varies slightly with temperature ## Footnote It is nearly constant and very small for most substances.
28
List the **coefficients of linear expansion** for the following materials: 1. Aluminum 2. Brass 3. Copper
1. Aluminum: 25×10−6 2. Brass: 19×10−6 3. Copper: 17×10−6 ## Footnote These values are in units of 1/°C.
29
What is the **bimetallic strip** used for?
As a thermometer or to automatically open/close a switch ## Footnote The curvature of the strip changes with temperature.
30
What is the relationship between **volume expansion** and temperature?
Δ𝑉=𝛽𝑉Δ𝑇 ## Footnote Where 𝛽 is the coefficient of volume expansion.
31
True or false: **Water** expands with increasing temperature at all temperatures.
FALSE ## Footnote Water is densest at +4°C and expands with decreasing temperature between +4°C and 0°C.
32
What is **thermal stress**?
Stress resulting from temperature changes when an object is constrained ## Footnote It can be compressive or tensile depending on whether the object would expand or contract.
33
How can engineers prevent **thermal stress** in structures?
By designing components to expand and contract freely ## Footnote For example, leaving gaps between concrete blocks in highways.
34
What is the formula to calculate the change in **area** due to thermal expansion?
Δ𝐴=2𝛼𝐴Δ𝑇 ## Footnote This applies for small temperature changes.
35
What is the significance of the **Golden Gate Bridge** in relation to thermal expansion?
It experiences a change in length due to temperature variations ## Footnote The main span can expand or contract significantly.
36
What happens to the **hole** in a metal plate when the plate expands?
The hole gets larger ## Footnote This occurs because the remaining material expands as if the removed piece were still in place.
37
What is the **coefficient of volume expansion** for water?
210×10−6 ## Footnote This value indicates how much water expands with temperature changes.
38
Fill in the blank: The **coefficient of volume expansion** is approximately equal to _______.
3𝛼 ## Footnote This relationship holds true for most materials.
39
What is the relationship between **thermal expansion** and **elastic distortion**?
Δ𝐿 of thermal expansion equals Δ𝐿 of elastic distortion (opposite signs) ## Footnote This relationship is crucial in understanding how materials respond to temperature changes.
40
In the example of concrete blocks, what is the **initial temperature** when they were laid out?
5°C ## Footnote This temperature is important for calculating the stress when the temperature increases.
41
What is the **final temperature** in the concrete blocks example?
38°C ## Footnote This temperature is used to calculate the thermal stress in the blocks.
42
What is the **compressive Young’s modulus** of concrete used in the example?
𝑌=20×10^9 N/m² ## Footnote This value is essential for calculating stress in the concrete blocks.
43
According to the formula, what does **F/A** represent?
Stress ## Footnote Stress is calculated using the Young's modulus and the change in length due to thermal expansion.
44
What is the formula for stress in terms of Young's modulus and thermal expansion?
𝐹/𝐴 = 𝑌 * (𝛼 * Δ𝑇) ## Footnote This formula combines the concepts of elasticity and thermal expansion.
45
If two objects A and B are heated identically, which will feel **greater stress** if A has a higher thermal expansion coefficient?
A will feel greater stress ## Footnote Higher thermal expansion leads to greater stress when constrained.
46
What determines the **phase of a substance**?
Temperature and pressure. ## Footnote These factors influence the state in which matter exists.
47
What are the **three common phases** of matter?
* Solid * Liquid * Gas ## Footnote These phases represent the different states in which matter can exist.
48
What is a **phase diagram**?
A graph showing the phase of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure. ## Footnote Phase diagrams are essential for understanding the conditions under which different phases exist.
49
What do **phase boundaries** represent on a phase diagram?
Conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. ## Footnote These boundaries indicate the transition points between different phases.
50
What is the **triple point**?
The unique temperature and pressure where solid, liquid, and gas coexist. ## Footnote The triple point is a critical reference point in thermodynamics.
51
Why is the **triple point** important?
It is used as a reference for temperature calibration. ## Footnote The triple point of water is often used to define the Kelvin temperature scale.
52
Why is **ice less dense** than liquid water?
Its molecular structure expands when frozen. ## Footnote This unique property of water is crucial for aquatic life during freezing temperatures.
53
What unusual effect does **pressure** have on ice?
Increasing pressure can melt ice. ## Footnote This phenomenon is contrary to the behavior of most substances, where increased pressure typically increases density.
54
What does water’s **anomaly** imply for its phase diagram?
The solid–liquid boundary has an unusual slope. ## Footnote This anomaly is significant in understanding the behavior of water in various conditions.
55
What determines the **phase of a substance**?
Temperature and pressure. ## Footnote These factors influence the state in which matter exists.
56
What are the **three common phases** of matter?
* Solid * Liquid * Gas ## Footnote These phases represent the different states in which matter can exist.
57
What is a **phase diagram**?
A graph showing the phase of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure. ## Footnote Phase diagrams are essential for understanding the conditions under which different phases exist.
58
What do **phase boundaries** represent on a phase diagram?
Conditions where two phases coexist in equilibrium. ## Footnote These boundaries indicate the transition points between different phases.
59
What is the **triple point**?
The unique temperature and pressure where solid, liquid, and gas coexist. ## Footnote The triple point is a critical reference point in thermodynamics.
60
Why is the **triple point** important?
It is used as a reference for temperature calibration. ## Footnote The triple point of water is often used to define the Kelvin temperature scale.
61
Why is **ice less dense** than liquid water?
Its molecular structure expands when frozen. ## Footnote This unique property of water is crucial for aquatic life during freezing temperatures.
62
What unusual effect does **pressure** have on ice?
Increasing pressure can melt ice. ## Footnote This phenomenon is contrary to the behavior of most substances, where increased pressure typically increases density.
63
What does water’s **anomaly** imply for its phase diagram?
The solid–liquid boundary has an unusual slope. ## Footnote This anomaly is significant in understanding the behavior of water in various conditions.
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