what is the structure and function of the respiratory system?
+navil cavity @ where the air is filtered entering the body
+pharynx @ where the navil and the oral cavity join
+larynx @ is responsible for voice allowing you to speak
+Trachea @ air pipe bring down to the lungs warms the air
+bronchi @ branches breaking off from the trachea going onto left and right lung
+bronchioles @
+alveoli @sacks where gasses change occurs lined with fluid surrounded by capillaries
+capillaries @ the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body
what is the lung function inspiration expiration?
inspiration
- air enters into lungs
- diaphragm intercostals and pectorals are involved in expanding the space inside the thoracic cage
- causing a decrease in air pressure causing air to flow into lungs -
- warmed and humidified allows gases exchange to occur more readily
expiration
- exits lungs
- intercostals involved- elastic properties of thoracic cage cause lungs to deflate
- increase in air pressure forcing air out
- increase due to physical activity
- increase volume of air that is respired
- results in greater o2 exchanged in the circulatory system
- co2 can be removed for system =body doesn’t have to deal with waste products
exchange of gases (external -internal )
external
- occurs in alveoli
- full of air breathed in
- deoxygenated blood to your alveoli trying to remove co2
- co2 will defuse from your capillaries in alveoli same time o2 will diffuse from alveoli into the bloodstream taken away to body
internal
- o2 detach from haemoglobin
- transmitting through cell membrane
- myoglobin which then transports o2 where it needs to be
- co2 will transfer out of cell and into blood some will travel around your plasma mostly converted into bicarbonate
- during physical activity muscles produce more co2 and need more o2
what are the components of blood?
erythrocytes (red blood cells )
- 45%blood volume
- contains haemoglobin
- o2 around body
- o2 needed in aerobic traning in order to sustain performance
leukocytes white blood cells
- 0.7%
- immune system protect body
- destroy and remove unwanted cells
thrombocytes
- clotting the blood helping reduce bleeding
- 0.7%
plasma
- 54 % =82 water 8% protein
- transport amino acids fatty acids electrolytes and vitamins
- deliver extra glucose to muscles for higher removal of waste products
- aids anaerobic and aerobic
structure and function of the heart, arteries
heart
- pump blood around body
- right ventrical pumping blood into lungs
- left ventricle responsible for pumping blood around body
arteries
- elastic tubing taking blood away from heart to body
- muscles aid blood flow in arteries
veins
- move blood slowly to the heart
- has valvules to help the flow against gravity
pulmonary and systematic circulatio
pulmonary
- pumps blood into arteries take deoxygenated blood into lungs
- spreads out into capillaries surrounding alveoli
- blood is oxygenated and co2 into lungs
- blood travels to heart through right atrium= empties left atrium
systematic
- left side of heart
- carries oxygenated blood
- travels out left ventricle through the aorta
- separates into arteries
- down the capillaries deliver oxygenated blood to the body
- travels back through veins back to the right atrium
describe blood pressure?
- amount of pressure exerted on the arteries
- aerobic systolic pressure goes up and diastole goes down
describe cardiorespiratory endurance
- maintain movement for long periods of time
- heart and lungs have to work together to deliver and utilize oxygen and energy to move
- good cardiorespiratory endurance helps movement efficiency
- means the body can work for longer periods of time
- delays fatigue
- measured through beep test or Vo2 max test
describe muscular strength
- amount of max force in one contraction
- grater strength means less effort
- improves posture helps increase biomechanical efficiency
describe muscular endurance
- repetition of a certain movement involving muscle or muscle groups
- delays fatigue improves movement efficiency
- helps posture and technique
describe flexibility
- range of motion at a joint
- body’s ability to move freely
- helps prevent injury
- helps improve posture for biomechanics
- improves balance during movement
what are the 6 times of synovial joints and their functions?
Plane (Inter-Tarsal joints) – allows limited gliding movements
Hinge (Elbow) – allows movements along one axis for flexion or extension
Pivot (C1 to C2 vertebral joint) – allows rotational movements and some bending
Ellipsoid/Condyloid (Radius to carpal joint – wrist) – allows movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction.
Saddle (base of the thumb) – allows same movements as the condyloid but with no axial rotation.
Ball-and-socket (Hip) – allows movement through three planes (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction; rotation) and is the most mobile of the synovial joints
what is the function of synovial joints
movement and stability
synovial fluid, cartilage, and muscles/tendons. allows them to serve greater movement
stability is provided by the joint capsule and ligaments in the joints structure
what are short bones
what are long bones
what are flat bones
short bones are as roughly wide as they are long
long as they are wide
flattened surface and function to act as a shield protecting vital organs in the body
what are the health-related components of health ?
- cardioresportory endurance
- musclar strength
- musclar endurance
- flexibilty
- body composition
what are the skill-related components of physical fitness?
- power
- speed
- agility
- coordination
- balance
- reaction time
-Heart rate when exercise occurs
- increase. For an untrained person, their heart rate will increase at a faster rate and will take longer for them to recover.
ventilation rate
Before will increase in anticipation of exercise, then increase again during exercise as there is an increase in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. After exercise breathing will remain rapid then slowly return to resting levels at 12 breaths/minute as oxygen stores are replenished.
stroke volume
When exercise increases, the amount of blood that the heart discharges increases considerably, stroke volume increases rapidly compared to heart rate but levels off at the peak of moderate exercise, the more blood being pumped around the body, the more oxygen that is available to the body, resulting in a better performance.
Cardiac output response to traning
pumped by the heart per minute. It increases with exercise and is equal to heart rate times stroke volume (CO=HR x SV). The working muscles demand for additional oxygen causes blood flow to be redistributed around the body, resulting in the increased need of blood.
lactate levels response traning
At rest the blood has a pH level of 7.4. the pH level drops and acidification of muscles increases. The lactic threshold is the point at which lactate levels rise above resting levels and after a short period of time will force the athlete to reduce the intensity of their training.
