Skeletal System
What are the 5 types of bones?
Give examples
- Long bone: Humerus, Carpal Bones
- Short bone: Hand carpal Bones
- Flat Bones: Scapula, Frontal Bone
- Irregular bone: Sesamoid bone, Pelvis
- Sesamoid bones: Patella, Hallux sesamoids
Joints
What are the types of joints?
Definitions
- Fibrous immovable: connected by fiburous tissue and dont allow movement
- Cartilaginous and slightly movable joints: allow for a bit of movement and connected by cartilage
- Synovial or freely movable joints: most common typed of joints and allow for maximum movement
Joints
What are the common features of Synoval joints?
Definition
- Synoval membrain: lines outside of the joint and encloses the synoval fluid
- Synoval fluid: found in the joint capsule, absorbes shock and reduces friction
- Ligaments: Fibrous straps that attach bones to bones at joints. Their function is to hold bone together and prevent disclosion
- Cartilage: Hard, rubbery substance that prevents the bones rubbing together
Joints
What are the types of synovial joints?
Movement possible
- Ball and socket joint: Movement; Flexion, Extention, Abduction, Adduction, Elevation and Depression
- Hinge joint: Flexion and extention
- Condyloid joint: adduction
- Pivot joint: Rotation
- Gliding joint: Flexion, Extention, Cartal flextion and Rotation
- Saddle joint
Muscular system
What are tge types of muscles in the human bodu?
Charactaristics and function
Skeletal muscle
* Primarily attachet to bones
* Contraction is under direct controll so movement is volintary
Cardiac Muscle
* Forms most of the heart
* Involintary
Smooth muscle
* Located on the walls of our internal structures like the stomach, blood vessles and intestines
* Movement is ussually involintary
Muscle tissue
What are the four functions of muscle tissue?
- Contradictability: The ability of the muscle to contract or shorten when stimulated
- Extensibility: The ability to the muscle to extend
- Excitability: The desire to collect and acknowledge stimuli
- Elasticity: The ability of the muscle to return to its resting state
Structure of volintary muscles
What are the two types of twiches
Definition
- Slow-twich: contract slowly, produce less force, fatigue slowly and are stuited to aerobic events or activities
- Fast-twich: contract quickly produce a great deal of force, fatigue quickly and are suited to anarobic events or activities
Circular system
How does the heard look
Names
Respiratory system
On its route to the lungs, the air passes down several conducting passages, List these passages in order.
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Brionchioles, alveola
Respiratory system
What happens to the air in these passages and why is it important?
They filtrate the air, moisens the nasal cavity, warms the body, used as a defence mechanism, ajusts airflow and transports air to the alvioli
Fuel sources
What are the different carbohydrates?
definitions
- Simple carbohydrates: refined sugars, are relativly easy for our body to break down
- Complex carbohydrates: More difficult for our body to break down, help you to feel full for longer
Fuel sources
What are the different fat?
- Saturated fats: Found in animal products, linked to high colestorol and low health
- Monoustrated fats: Fats found in nuts, avocado, chicked and olive oil
- Polyunsaturated fats: Found in fish, nuts and soy, rersearch has linked Polysaturated fats to high cholestorol leves
Fuel sources
What does protien do?
Definition, benifits, what is does
- Critical for growth and rerpair as well as increasing muscle mass
- AMino Acids which make up protein make and repair the cells of the body, make enzymes and hormones
- They fight disease and infection
ATP
What is the Alactid acid system?
Definition, use, stored, needs
- The break in the bond to a phosphate molecule releases energy for its movement
- The alactacid system works to re-supply a phosphate molecule by splitting a compound called creatine phosphate. By splitting the compound, phosphate is made avalable to turn ADP back into ATP. ATP splits to provide energy and the cycle continues
- The body stores a small amount of ATP in the muscles, reasy if immidiate movement that lasts 10-12 seconds in necessary.
- Fuel is Creatine Phosphate
ATP
What is the Lactid acid system?
Definition, use, strored, needs
- When the body needs fue for longer than 10 seconds the alactic acid system has diminished and the lactic acid takes over.
- Lactic acid supplies ATP for activities lasting 2-3 minuets.
- This system functions by breaking down carbohydrates to form glucose. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver
- Glycogen breaks down to produce two ATP molecules and pyruvic acid. Without oxygen, the pyruvic acid ecomes lactic acid, causing fatigue in muscles.
ATP
What is the Aerobic system?
Definition, use, stored, needs
- Uses fuels such as protein, glucose and fats
- For activities lasting longer than two to three minuets
- The aerobic system like the lactid acid system uses glycogen stores
- The breakdown of glycogen in the aerobic system results in the production of ATP, carbon dioxide and water.
- The body gets rid of Co2 by breathing out and exess water through perspiration.
- Once glycoigen stores are depleted, the aerobic system uses stores of fat (although it is less effective as it requires more oxygen to produce ATP)
- Glycogen stores are restored after 24-48 hrs of rest
Hydration and Physical activity
How is heat removed from the body?
Radiation - Convaction - Conduction - Evaporation
Hydration and physical activity
How does the body gain heat when exercising?
- Bodys metabolism
- Types of clothing
- Climactic conditions
- Friction caused by muscle contractions
