Term 500 Assignment 1

Question 1

What type of infection is Impetigo characterized by?

Answer 1

Staph A or group A Strep

Impetigo is characterized by pea-sized vesicles and pustules that rupture, leaving typical honey-colored crusts.

Question 2

What are the characteristics of Erysipelas?

Answer 2

• Edematous
• Tender
• Nodular
• Well-demarcated borders
• Feels hot to the touch
• Erythematous patches

Question 3

What is the medical term for flesh eating disease?

Answer 3

Necrotizing Fasciitis

This condition involves severe tissue damage and requires immediate medical attention.

Question 4

What is Folliculitis?

Answer 4

Common inflammation and infection of hair follicles usually due to Staphylococcus aureus

Folliculitis can present as red, inflamed bumps around hair follicles.

Question 5

What is a Furuncle?

Answer 5

A staph infection resulting in an acute, circular inflammation of the subcutaneous layers of skin, gland, and hair follicle

Furuncles are often referred to as boils.

Question 6

What are Carbuncles?

Answer 6

Groups of interconnecting furuncles arising from hair follicles

Carbuncles can be more severe than individual furuncles and may require medical treatment.

Question 7

What two disorders can the Varicella virus cause?

Answer 7

• Chicken Pox
• Shingles

These conditions are caused by the same virus but manifest differently.

Question 8

What is typical for Shingles/Herpes Zoster?

Answer 8

Deep, burning pain lasting weeks or months with skin eruptions along dermatome patterns

Shingles often follows a painful rash in a specific area of the body.

Question 9

Psoriasis appears to be a hereditary - autoimmune disorder with flare-ups often related to what?

Answer 9

Predictable causes such as stress and anxiety

The life-span of keratinocytes in psoriatic lesions is typically 7-10 days.

Question 10

Differentiate between irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis.

Answer 10

• Irritant: irritation of the skin that does not involve antigens/haptens (NOT immune)
• Allergic: delayed hypersensitivity reaction (IMMUNE response)

This distinction is crucial for treatment approaches.

Question 11

What is the difference in appearance between acne rosacea and acne vulgaris?

Answer 11

The presence/absence of comedones

Comedones are clogged hair follicles that are typically present in acne vulgaris.

Question 12

What is the most important risk factor for the occurrence of skin cancer?

Answer 12

UV exposure

Protecting the skin from UV radiation is essential for reducing skin cancer risk.

Question 13

What type of skin cancer is highly metastatic?

Answer 13

Malignant Melanoma

Early detection and treatment are critical for improving outcomes.

Question 14

What stimulates the secretion of ACTH? (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Answer 14

Adrenal cortex

ACTH stimulates the release of cortisol, which regulates metabolism.

Question 15

What is the effect of insulin on blood sugar?

Answer 15

Reduces blood sugar

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels.

Question 16

What hormone is released in response to decreased blood calcium levels?

Answer 16

PTH

Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

Question 17

What is the effect of renin?

Answer 17

Increased blood pressure

Renin is released in response to decreased blood pressure.

Question 18

What is the effect of T3/T4 hormones?

Answer 18

Regulate cellular metabolism, BMR, growth + development

These hormones are crucial for overall metabolic function.

Question 19

What hormone is released by GnRH? (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Answer 19

LH

LH stimulates the production of estrogen.

Question 20

What is the result of GHRH secretion? (growth hormone releasing hormone)

Answer 20

Stimulation of insulin-like growth factors in tissues

GHRH → hGH → stimulation of insulin-like growth factors in tissues

Question 21

What triggers the release of oxytocin?

Answer 21

Nerve impulses

Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions and milk letdown reflex.

Question 22

What hormone is produced from Angiotensin I?

Answer 22

Angiotensin II

Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II → aldosterone

Question 23

What is the effect of glucagon?

Answer 23

Glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels.

Question 24

What disorder is caused by hypersecretion of cortisol?

Answer 24

Cushing’s disease

This condition results in excessive cortisol levels in the body.

Question 25

What disorder is caused by **hyposecretion of cortisol & aldosterone**?

Answer 25

Addison’s disease ## Footnote Addison’s disease leads to insufficient hormone production.

Question 26

What disorder is caused by **hypersecretion of thyroxine**?

Answer 26

Grave’s disease ## Footnote This condition results in an overactive thyroid.

Question 27

What disorders are caused by **hyposecretion of thyroxine**?

Answer 27

* Cretinism * Goiter * Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ## Footnote These conditions are associated with insufficient thyroid hormone levels.

Question 28

What disorder is caused by **hypersecretion of hGH**?

Answer 28

Giantism / acromegaly ## Footnote These conditions result from excessive growth hormone levels.

Question 29

What disorder is caused by **hyposecretion of hGH**?

Answer 29

Pituitary dwarfism ## Footnote This condition results in stunted growth due to insufficient growth hormone.

Question 30

What disorder is caused by **hyposecretion of ADH**? (antidiuretic hormone)

Answer 30

Diabetes Insipidus ## Footnote This condition leads to excessive urination and thirst.

Question 31

What is the cause of **type I diabetes**?

Answer 31

Insulin production + secretion deficiency due to autoimmune disorder that destroys pancreatic islet cells ## Footnote This results in high blood sugar levels.

Question 32

What are the three cardinal signs and symptoms of **type I diabetes**?

Answer 32

* Polyuria = urine * Polydipsia = thirst * Polyphagia = hunger ## Footnote These symptoms indicate high blood sugar levels.

Question 33

What are some risk factors for developing **type II diabetes**?

Answer 33

* Sedentary lifestyle * Obesity interacting with genetic predisposition ## Footnote These factors significantly increase the risk of developing type II diabetes.

Question 34

What are the two cardinal signs and symptoms of **type II diabetes**?

Answer 34

* Polyuria * Polydipsia ## Footnote These symptoms are similar to those of type I diabetes.

Question 35

Why do we not refer to **type I & II diabetes** as juvenile and adult onset diabetes now?

Answer 35

Children can get type II diabetes, adults can develop Type I diabetes ## Footnote This change reflects the evolving understanding of diabetes.

Question 36

The majority of complications of diabetes result from what kind of damage?

Answer 36

Microangiopathy + macroangiopathy in circulatory system - blood vessel damage ## Footnote These complications can affect multiple organ systems.

Question 37

List the 7 systems affected by diabetes complications.

Answer 37

* CV - atherosclerosis * Renal - diabetic nephropathy * Eyes - diabetic retinopathy * Nervous - neuropathy * Musculoskeletal - neuropathic arthropathy + DISH * Ketoacidosis * Hyperglycemia ## Footnote These complications highlight the systemic impact of diabetes.