terminologies

Question 1

what are the two division of nervous system and what contains them?

Answer 1

1. central nervous system/CNS contains brain and spinal cord
2. peripheral nervous system/PNS contains all nervous tissue outside CNS

Question 2

what is the protective covering of the brain?

Answer 2

-cranial meninges

Question 3

what are the layers of cranial meninges and its definitions?

Answer 3

1. dura mater- thick, strong, outer, fibrous layer
2. arachnoid mater- middle, thin fibrous tissue
3. pia mater- inner, thin fibrous membrane

Question 4

what are the functions of each layer of cranial meninges?

Answer 4

1. dura mater- creates strong protective sheath
2. arachnoid mater- forms loose sac
3. pia mater- protects CNS

Question 5

what are the three spaces in the brain? where are they located?

Answer 5

1. epidural space- outside dura mater
2. subdural space- between dura mater and arachnoid mater
3. subarachnoid space- deep to arachnoid mater

Question 6

define cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 6

-circulates throughout and around the CNS
-clear and colourless liquid

Question 8

what are the functions of CSF?

Answer 8

-mechanical absorption
-homeostatic function
-circulation
-buoyancy (brain effectively floats in liquid)

Question 9

define brain blood barrier (BBB)

Answer 9

-protects CNS from harmful substance in the blood
-selectively permeable membrane

Question 10

what are the three structures of brain blood barrier (bbb)?

Answer 10

1. tight junctions
2. thicker capillary walls
3. capillaries wrapped by perivascular feet

Question 11

define stroke

Answer 11

-disruption of blood supply to the brain
-blockage to artery in the brain
-usually result in loss of specific functions (depends on brain region)

Question 12

define white and gray matter

Answer 12

1. Gray matter- neuronal cell bodies and dendrites (no myelin)
2. White matter- myelinated axons (lipid of myelin is white)

Question 13

what are the structures in the CNS & PNS neuron binding?

Answer 13

nuclei, ganglia, tracts, nerves

Question 14

define each structure in the CNS & PNS neuron binding

Answer 14

nuclei- neuronal cell bodies in CNS
ganglia- neuronal cell bodies in PNS
tracts- bundles of axons in CNS
nerves- bundles of axons in PNS

Question 15

what are the four main regions of the brain?

Answer 15

-brain stem
-cerebellum
-diencephalon
-cerebrum

Question 16

define brainstem

Answer 16

-connects brain to spinal cord

Question 17

define medulla oblongata

Answer 17

-controls essential involuntary functionns
-regulates breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Question 18

what are the structures in the brainstem? define each

Answer 18

pons-connects cerebellum to the brainstem
midbrain-processing visual and auditory signals

Question 19

connect parkinsons and midbrain

Answer 19

parkinson’s disease affects substantia nigra in the midbrain which reduce production of dopamine

Question 20

define cerebellum

Answer 20

-compares information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from PNS

Question 21

define diencephalon

Answer 21

-connection between cerebrum and rest of nervous system

Question 22

what structure consists of diencephalon?

Answer 22

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 23

define thalamus

Answer 23

-collection of nuclei
-relay info between cerebral cortex, periphery, spinal cord or brainstem

Question 24

define hypothalamus

Answer 24

-collection of nuclei
-regulating homeostasis

Question 25

define cerebrum

Answer 25

-gray mantle of human brain

Question 26

define cerebral cortex

Answer 26

-wrinkled portion

Question 27

define longitudinal fissure

Answer 27

-deep groove that separates two cerebral hemispheres

Question 28

what is the cortex in the somatic sensory pathways? define

Answer 28

1. primary somatosensory cortex -found in parietal lobe -receives, processes, and stores somatic sensory info

Question 29

what is the cortex in the somatic motor pathways? define

Answer 29

1. primary motor cortex -found in frontal lobe -neurons that contriol skeletal muscles

Question 30

what are the examples of disease and disorder that affects cerebrum?

Answer 30

-alzheimers and dementia

Question 31

define corpus callosum

Answer 31

-composed of white matter -connects 2 hemispheres

Question 32

what is hemisphere lateralization?

Answer 32

-each hemispheres specializes in performing certain functions

Question 33

what is contralateral?

Answer 33

-somatosensory cotexes -left side of brain represents right side of body

Question 34

what is limbic system?

Answer 34

-collection of structures involved in emotion, memory, and behavior

Question 35

difference between short- and long-term memory?

Answer 35

-short-term- temporary links in hippocampus -long-term- more permanent links in cerebral cortex

Question 36

what are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves? are each motor/sensory/mixed

Answer 36

1. olfactory- sensory 2.optic-sensory 3.oculomotor-motor 4.trochlear-motor 5.trigeminal-mixed 6.abducens-motor 7.facial-mixed 8.vestibulocochlear-sensory 9.glossopharyngeal-mixed 10.vagus-mixed 11.accessory-motor 12.hypoglossal-motor

Question 37

what are the function of each of the 1-4 cranial nerve pairs?

Answer 37

1.olfactory-sense of smell 2.optic-vision 3.oculomotor-movement of eyeballs, constriction of pupils 4.trochlear-movement of eyeballs

Question 38

what are the function of each of the 5-8 cranial nerve pairs?

Answer 38

5.trigeminal-sensory nerve of face, motor control of chewing 6. abducens- movement of eyeballs 7.facial-sensory nerve of taste, motor nerve of facial expression 8.vestibulocochlear- hearing and equilibrium

Question 39

what are the function of each of the 9-12 cranial nerve pairs?

Answer 39

9.glossopharyngeal-sensory of taste,monitors bp, motor for swallowing and saliva prod 10.vagus-sensory of parasympathetic NS, motor for swallowing, vocalization 11.accessory-movement of head and pectoral girdle 12. speech, manipulation of food