Terminology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

The study of disease

Question 2

Morbid anatomy

Answer 2

The study of diseased organs and tissues

Question 3

Histopathology

Answer 3

Microscopic study of tissues - morphology and architecture

Question 4

Molecular pathology

Answer 4

Application of the principles of molecular biology to human disease processes. Eg. DNA, RNA, protein

Question 5

General pathology

Answer 5

Experimental science - Study of processes underlying disease conditions.

Question 6

Anatomical pathology

Answer 6

Observational science - clinical/hospital pathology. Use experimental findings in clinal applications.

Question 7

Aetiology

Answer 7

Cause or origins of disease

Question 8

Pathogenesis

Answer 8

Mechanism of disease development.

Question 9

Cyto-

Answer 9

cells

Question 10

Dys-

Answer 10

disordered

Question 11

Hyper-

Answer 11

more than normal

Question 12

Hypo-

Answer 12

less than normal

Question 13

Leuko-

Answer 13

white

Question 14

Meta-

Answer 14

A change of one state into another

Question 15

Neo-

Answer 15

new

Question 16

-aemia

Answer 16

relating to the blood

Question 17

-itis

Answer 17

an inflammatory process

Question 17

-cytosis

Answer 17

increase number of cells (in blood)

Question 17

-oma

Answer 17

swelling or growth

Question 17

-oid

Answer 17

having resemblance to something

Question 18

-opathy

Answer 18

a diseased state

Question 19

-osis

Answer 19

a state or condition

Question 20

-penia

Answer 20

a lack of something

Question 21

-plasia

Answer 21

a disorder of growth

Question 22

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 22

Mutation in the CFTR gene. Inherited autosomal recssive disorder - Thick mucous

Question 23

Asbestosis

Answer 23

Mesothelioma, a malignant tumour in the mesothelium. Lung and pleural fibrosis (due to work related exposure)

Question 24

Crohn's Disease

Answer 24

Inflammatory bowel disease due to several genes causing the disease (immune response, infectious disease, geentic susceptibility). Features: mucosa swollen, coble stone appearance

Question 25

2 ways of investigating a tissue/cell

Answer 25

1. Fine needle aspiration (individual cell) 2. Biopsy tissue (whole tissue)

Question 26

Tools of pathology

Answer 26

1. Morphology 2. Microbiology 3. Antigen expession 4. Molecular study

Question 27

Tissue Biopsy: Morphology

Answer 27

- Architecture of tissue - Types of cells present

Question 28

Tissue Biopsy: Antigen expression

Answer 28

- Staining of tissues with labeled antibodies. - Flow cytometry (for liquids eg. blood)

Question 29

Tissue Biopsy: Molecular studies

Answer 29

Looking at chromosomes/genes and identifying genomic abmoralities. However, cannot pickup precise information (small deletions, point mutations)

Question 30

Breast cancer

Answer 30

Amplification of the Her-2 gene (a pro-oncogene) - the gene is overexpressed about 30% in breast cancer patients.

Question 31

Her-2 gene is a target for what antibody

Answer 31

Herceptin

Question 32

Melanoma: what type of cancer? what gene is mutated?

Answer 32

Skin cancer. B-RAF gene

Question 33

What is the treatment for melanoma? What is the inhibitor?

Answer 33

Vemurafenib

Question 34

Agarose gel: DNA is positive or negative? Which way on the well does it travel?

Answer 34

Set up so there's a positive and negative side. DNA is negative so it is attracted to the positive side of the well (which is downstream). Agarose gel is porous allowing DNA to move through it. - Smaller DNA fragment: faster (therefore will be further downstream when experiment is completed) - Larger DNA fragment: slower

Question 35

In agarose gel: 1. What does it mean if a sample is smaller than expected? (furhter downstream) 2. What does mean if the sample less bright?

Answer 35

1. This could mean there is a deletion within the DNA region 2. This could be due to loss of one copy/allele of DNA.

Question 36

In a gel image, what happens if there is a line in the negative control?

Answer 36

Comprised by contamination or by non-specific amplification. Needs to be blank or we cannot interpret anything about whether a patient has a mutation or not.

Question 37

What blocks further growth of DNA molecules during DNA sequencing?

Answer 37

ddATP

Question 38

Electropherograms display what?

Answer 38

the sequence of the deleted gene found in the patient compared to normal gene sequence.

Question 39

Why are primers needed in DNA polymerase?

Answer 39

DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis

Question 40

The steps for RT-PCR

Answer 40

1. Reverse transcriptase: uses RNA as a template to create cDNA resulting in a RNA-DNA hybrid 2. RNase H acitivty: breaking of hybird leaves behind ONE single stranded cDNA = "new DNA strand" 3. Primers bind to single cDNA template 4. DNA polymerase binds to the primers and builds new cDNA strand (single to double strand)

Question 41

Western blotting: Immunohitochemistry:

Answer 41

assess the amount + size asess the amount + LOCATION