BIOL 110 WEEK 6 > terms > Flashcards

terms Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of muscle tissue?

A

-produce movement
-maintain posture
-stabilize joints
-generate heat

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2
Q

what is it called when muscle tissue is shivering?

A

thermogenesis

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3
Q

what are the different types of muscle tissue?

A

-skeletal
-cardial
-smooth

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4
Q

what are the control of each types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. skeletal: voluntary
  2. cardiac: involuntary
  3. smooth: involuntary
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5
Q

what are the appearances of each types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. skeletal: striated
  2. cardiac: striated, branched
  3. smooth: non-striated
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6
Q

where are each types of muscle tissue located?

A
  1. skeletal: attached to bones
  2. cardiac: heart walls
  3. smooth: walls of hollow organs
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7
Q

what are the other important things of each type of muscle tissue?

A
  1. skeletal: long fibers, multinucleated
  2. cardiac: intercalated discs, rhytmic
  3. smooth: spindle-shaped, single nucleus
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8
Q

what are the different connection tissue coverings in skeletal muscles? explain each

A

-epimysium: surrounds entire muscle
-perimysium: surrounds fascicle (bundle of fibers)
-endomysium: surrounds individual muscle fiber which all merges to form tendon

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8
Q

what are the structures of muscle fiber?

A

-sarcolemma
-sarcoplasm
-myofibrils
-sacroplasmic reticulum
-t-tubules

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9
Q

explain the structure of muscle fiber (sarcoplasm)

A

-cytoplasm which contains glycgen and myoglobin

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10
Q

explain the structure of muscle fiber (sacrolemma)

A

-cell membrane

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11
Q

explain the structure of muscle fiber (myofibrils)

A

-long,cylindrical organelles for contraction

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12
Q

explain the structure of muscle fiber (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

A

-stores Ca+2

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13
Q

explain the structure of muscle fiber (T-tubules)

A

-extensions of sarcolemma which carries signal deep into fiber

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14
Q

define myofilaments

A

-contractile proteins

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of myofilaments?

A

-thin and thick

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

what are the proteins in the each type of myofilaments?

A

-thin myofilaments: actin, troponin, tropomyosin
-thick myofilaments: myosin

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18
Q

what are the functions of each type of myofilaments?

A

-thin myofilaments: binding site for myosin, regulation
-thick myofilaments: forms cross-bridges with actin

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19
Q

what is sarcomere?

A

-functional unit of contraction (Z line to Z line)

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20
Q

what are the different sarcomere bands?

A

-A band
-I band
-H zone
-M line

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21
Q

describe the sarcomere band (A band)

A

-dark, contains thick filaments

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22
Q

describe the sarcomere band (I band)

A

-light, thin filaments only

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23
Q

describe the sarcomere band (M line)

A

-center of sarcomere (holds thick filaments)

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24
describe the sarcomere band (H zone)
-center of A band (only thick filaments)
25
what is the sliding filament theory?
-myosin heads attach to actin which pulls thin filaments inward. -sarcomeres shorten, muscle contracts, filament lengths stay same. -requires ATP and CA+2
26
what are the steps of muscle contraction?
1. AP arrives at NMJ 2. ACh released which binds receptors on sarcolemma 3. AP travels down T-tubules 4. CA2+ released SR into sarcoplasm 5. Ca2+ binds troponin which moves tropomyosin and exposes actin sites 6. myosin heads bind to actin -> power stroke (pulls actin) 7. ATP binds myosin -> detaches -> recocks -> next cycle 8. when AP ends calcium is reabsorbed -> tropomyosin covers site -> relaxation
27
what is ATP needed for in contraction?
-cross-bridge dettachment -re-cocking myosin head -active transport of Ca2+ bact to SR
28
what are the sources of ATP in contraction?
-stored ATP (few seconds) -creatine phosphate (15s) -anaerobic glycolysis -> lactic acid (Short-term) -aerobic respiration -> uses oxygen (long-term)
29
what is muscle twitch?
-single contraction-relaxation cycle of fiber
30
what happens during muscle twitch?
-latent period- AP -> Ca2+ release -contraction: cross-bridge cycling -relaxation: calcium back to SR
31
what is summation?
-repeated stimuli -> stronger contraction
32
what happens when someone is having a muslce twitch in tetanus?
-sustained contraction (no relaxation)
33
what happens when person is fatigue during muscle tension?
-ATP depletion, lactic acid buildup
34
describe muscle tone
-low-level contraction in resting muscle, maintains posture -controlled by spinal reflexes
35
what are the different types of contraction?
-isotonic -concentric -eccentric -isometric
36
describe the different types of contraction
-isotonic: muscle changes length -concentric: muscle shortens -eccentric: muscle lengthens -isometric: no length change
37
examples for each different types of contraction
-isotonic: lifting a dumbell -concentric: biceps curl up -eccentric: lowering dumbell -isometric: holding a plank
38
what are the different types of fiber types and their colour?
-slow oxidative (type 1):red -fast-oxidative glycolytic (type 2a):pink -fast glycolytic (type 2b): white
39
what is the speed of the different fiber types?
-slow oxidative: slow -fast oxidative-glycolytic: fast -fast glycolytic: fast
40
what is the fatigue of each type of fiber?
-slow oxidative: fatigue-resistant -fast oxidative-glycolytic: moderate -fast glycolytic: fatigue quickly
41
what are the energy source of each fiber type?
-slow oxidative: aerobic -fast oxidative-glycolytic: both -fast glycolytic: anaerobic
42
describe smooth muscle
-no striations, no sarcomeres -calcium binds calmodulin -can contract for long periods with little energy
43
describe cardiac muscle
-branched sibers, intercalated discs (gap junctions and desmosomes) -pacemaker cells generate rhythmic contractions -calcium from both SR and extracellular fluid
44
define muscular dystrophy
-genetic -cause muscle fiber degeneration
45
define myasthenia gravis
-autoimmune -destroys ACh receptors which causes weakness in voluntary muscles
46
define tetanus
muscle receives nerve impulses at high frequency which leads to constant contraction
47
define cramps
-contraction of muscle that does not relax immediately
48
explain the excitation-contraction coupling
-excitation- motor neuron release signal -propagation- AP travels across sarcolemma and down t-tubules -calcium release -calcium diffusion -contraction-myosin head bind actin, used atp to pull actin causing contraction -relaxation-nerve signal stops, calcium pumped back into storage
49
what is the hierarchy of muscle fiber structure?
1. skeletal muscle 2. fascicles 3. muscle fibers 4. myofibrils 5. myofilaments
50
what is skeletal muscle?
-bundles of fascicles
51
what is fascicles?
bundles of muscle fibers
52
what is muscle fiber?
filled with myofibrils
53
what is myofibrils?
made of myofilaments
54
what is myofilaments in muscle fiber structure?
contains sacromeres
55
define sarcomeres
-basic contractile unit that contains thick (myosin) filaments and thin (actin) filaments
56
57
what happens during contraction?
-sarcomere shortens -I band and H zone shrink -A band stays same length
58
what is actin?
-thin filament -globular protein forming twisted strands
59
what is mysoin?
-thick filament -has heads and tails; heads bind to actin and swivel for contraction
60
what is tropomyosin?
-wraps around actin, blocks myosin binding sites when relaxed
61
what is troponin?
-binds to tropomyosin and has calcium binding sites
62
what happens when calcium binds to troponin?
-tropomyosin shifts, exposing myuosin binding sites on action and then contraction occurs
63
flow of cross-bridge cycling (muscle contraction)
1. neuron fires 2. ach release 3. sodium influx 4. AP 5. T-tubule 6. SR releases calcium 7. calcium binds troponin 8. myosin-actin cross-bridges 9. contraction 10. ATP resets cycle
64
65
explain the cross-bridge cycling (sliding filament mechanism)
1. cross-bridge formation: myosin head binds to actin 2. power stroke: myosin heads swivels, pulling actin toward M line and ADP + Pi released 3. deteachment: ATP binds to myosin and myosin detaches from actin 4. reset/reactivation: ATP hydrolyzed -> ADP + Pi + energy; myosin returns to cocked position
66
explain the relaxation process
-neural stimulation stops -ach breaks down left over ach -no more AP -calcium pumped back to SR -calcium unbound from troponin -> tropomyosin covers binding sites again
67
explain the length-tension relationship
too stretched: little/no overlap -> no cross-bridges -> no tension too contracted: actin overlap + myosin pressed against z-disc -> no further shortening optimal length (aprrox. 100%): max overlap -> max tension produced
68
define isotonic muscle contraction
-same tension -length changes as tension constant
69
what are the properties of muscle tissue and describe each?
-extensibility- lengthening muscle -excitability- respinds to stimulus and causes damage in membrane potential -contractability- creates muscle movements -conductivity- conducts electrical current down muscle cell -elasticity-returns to original length after stretching
70
71
what are the functions of skeletal muscle?
-moves the body -maintain posture -protect and support -regulate elimination of materials -produce heat
72
where is sarcolemma and sarcoplasm found?
-sarcolemma:plasma membrane -sarcoplasm: cytoplasm
73
define neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
-site where motor neuron meets muscle fiber
74
explain process of nmj
-nerve impulse moves down neuron -reach nmj -calcium open synaptic knob -ach released into synaptic cleft -ach binds to receptors on motor end plate -opens chemically gated channels
75
what is sarcoplasmic reticulum?
specialized ER
76
what is terminal cisternae?
-enlarged portions of SR
77
what is transverse tubules?
invagination in sarcolemma
BIOL 110 WEEK 6
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