BIOL 110 WEEK 8 > terms > Flashcards

terms Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two divisions of nervous system?

A

CNS & PNS

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2
Q

what are the components of CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what are the components of PNS

A

all nerves outside CNS that connect to effectors 9muscles, glands)

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4
Q

what is the function of CNS?

A

integration and processing of sensory information; decision making

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5
Q

what is the function of PNS?

A

communication lines between CNS and rest of the body

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6
Q

explain the information flow in nervous system

A
  1. Sensory input (afferent)- PNS detects internal/external stimuli then sends to CNS
  2. integration- CNS processes and interprets incoming data
  3. Motor output (efferent)- CNS sends commands to effectors -> response
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7
Q

what is neuron?

A

basic cell of the nervous system

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8
Q

what is the neurons responsible for?

A

responsible for action potential

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9
Q

what are the main parts of neuron?

A

-dendrites
-cell body
-axon
-axon hillock
-axon terminals
-synapse

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10
Q

what is the function of a neuron structure (dendrites)?

A

receive incoming signals
highly branched to form synapses with many neurons

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11
Q

what is the function of a neuron structure (cell body)?

A

integrates information

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12
Q

what does cell body contains?

A

nucleus and organelles

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13
Q

what is the function of a neuron structure (axon)?

A

conducts action potentoal away from soma

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14
Q

what is the function of a neuron structure (axon hillock)?

A

trigger zone for action potential generation
junction of soma and axon

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15
Q

what is the function of a neuron structure (axon terminals)?

A

release neurotransmitters

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16
Q

what does axon terminals form?

A

synapses with other neurons or effectors

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17
Q

what is the function of a neuron structure (synapse)?

A

junction between neurons or between neuron and muscle/gland

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18
Q

difference between presynaptic and postsynaptic cell?

A

PREsynaptic cell-sends signal
POSTsynaptic cell-receives signal

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19
Q

what are the three types of neuron classification by STRUCTURES and their number of processes?

A

unipolar-1 process
bipolar-2 processes
multipolar- more than or equal to 3 processes

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20
Q

what are the three types of neuron classification by FUNCTIONS and their direction of signal?

A

sensory (afferent)- PNS to CNS
interneurons- within CNS
motor (efferent)- CNS to effectors

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21
Q

what are the three types of neuron classification by STRUCTURES and their location/function?

A

unipolar-sensory neurons in PNS (touch, pain)
bipolar-special senses (retina, olfactory)
multipolar-most common (motor neurons, interneurons)

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22
Q

what are the three types of neuron classification by FUNCTIONS and their description?

A

sensory (afferent)- detects stimuli (unipolar)
interneurons- integrate and relay info (multipolar)
motor (efferent)- trigger responses (multipolar)

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23
Q

what are the different types of channels/membrane transport?

A

-leak channels
-chemically-gated
-voltage-gated
-mechanically gated
-Active transport

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24
Q

what are the different types of channels/membrane transport and their triggers to open?

A

-leak channel: always open
-chemically-gated: neurotransmitter binding
-voltage-gated: change in membrane voltage
-mechanically gated: membrane deformation
-active transport: atp required

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25
what are the different types of channels/membrane transport and their locations?
-leak channels:throughout neuron -chemically-gated: dendrites/cell body -voltage-gated: axon hillock and along axon -mechanically gated: sensory receptors (not neurons in CNS) -active transport: entire membrane
26
what are the different types of channels/membrane transport and their example/function?
-leak channels: maintaining resting potential -chemically-gated: ach binding at motor end plate -voltage-gated: sodium, potassium channels in action potential -mechanically gated: touch, pressure receptors -active transport: ATPase pump, calcium pump
27
what are the different neuron segments that channel locattions have?
receptive segment initial segment conductive segment transmissive segment
28
what are the different neuron segments of channel locations and their main structures?
-receptive segment: dendrites and soma -initial segment: axon hillock -conductive segment: axon -transmissive segment: axon terminals
29
what are the different neuron segments of channel locations and their channel types present?
-receptive segment- chemically gated (sodium, potassium, calcium) -initial segment- voltage-gated sodium and potassium -conductive segment- volatge-gated sodium and potassium for impulse propagation -transmissive segment- voltage-gated calcium channels and calciu pumps
30
define leak channels
-found everywhere -maintain resting potential
31
characteristics of resting membrane potential (RMP)
-typical neuron RMP: -70mV -outside: high sodium -inside: high potassium
32
how is RMP created?
1. unequal ion distribution (sodium putside, potassium inside) 2. leak channels (more potassium leaks out then sodium) 3. ATPase pump (3 sodium out, 2 potassium in per ATP -> maintains gradient)
33
what is action potential?
-rapid, all-or-none electrical signal along axon
34
what is graded potential?
-small,local voltage change in dendrites -can summate at axon hillock
35
what is depolarization?
inside becomes less negative
36
what is arepolarization?
return to negative
37
what is hyperpolarization?
inside becomes more negative than -70mV
38
what is synaptic transmission?
neurotransmitter release -> binds to receptors -> opens chemically gated channels
39
explain reflex arc
1. stimulus 2. receptor (PNS) 3. sensory neuron (unipolar) 4. interneuron (CNS) 5. motor neuron (multipolar) 6. effector (muscle/gland) 7. response
40
what are the main contributors of RMP? and brief definition
1. Na+/K+ pump-moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in to establish concentration gradient 2.leak channels (facilitated diffusion)- K+ leak channels > Na+ leak channels -> more potassium exits -> inside more negative 3. negatively charged proteins and ions
41
what is electrochemical gradients in RMP?
combination of chemical and electrical gradient
42
what are the 4 types of electrochemical gradients?
-cations (positive ions): move toward negatively charged areas -anions (negative ions): move toward positively charged areas -sodium (Na+): moves into cell (down chemical and electrical gradient) -> depolarizes -potassium (K+): moves out of cell (down chemical but against electrical gradient)
43
characteristics of graded potentials
-located in dendrites and cell body -local changes in membrane potential
44
define depolarizing and hyperpolarizing grade potential types
-depolarizing: membrane becomes positive -> excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) -hyperpolarizing: membrane becomes more negative -> inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
45
what does graded potential's summation mean?
graded potentials can add together (spatial and temporal)
46
what is the graded potential's threshold?
-55 mV -> if reached, triggers action potential
47
define all-or-none principle
magnitude and shape are constant once threshold reached
48
define the 3 different phases of action potentials
-depolarization: sodium channels open, sodium influx -> inside becomes positive -repolarization: potassium channels open, potassium efflux -> inside becomes negative again -hyperpolarization: membrane potential briefly more negative than -70mV
49
what is the direction and function of sensory (afferent)?
-PNS -> CNS -detect stimuli
50
what is the direction and function of interneuron?
-CNS -> CNS -process and relay info
51
what is the direction and function of motor (efferent)?
-CNS -> effectors -trigger response
52
what is the movement on the three ion channels?
Na+: into cell K+: out of cell Ca2+: into cell
53
what are the effect on membrane potential of the 3 ion channels?
Na+: depolarization (EPSP) K+: hyperpolarization (IPSP) Ca2+: depolarization
54
what are the stages of the action potential?
-depolarization -repolarization -hyperpolarization -refractory period
55
characteristics of the phase, depolarization
-graded potential reaches threshold (-55mV) -> action potential triggered -voltage-gated sodium channels open, sodium rushes in -> inside becomes more positive (up to +30mV) -sodium channels 3 states: resting (closed), active/open, inactivated (cannot open) -ensures one-direction propagation of AP
56
characteristics of repolarization
-sodium channels inactivate -voltage-gated potassium channels open, potassium moves out -> inside becomes more negative -membrane moves back toward resting potential (-70mV)
57
characteristics of hyperpolarization
-membrane potential dips below resting (approx. -90mV) due to slow pptassium channel closing -resting potential eventually restored
58
define the 2 types of refractory period
-absolute refractory: sodium channels inactivated - no AP possible -relative refractory: cell more negative than resting - requires stronger stimulus to trigger AP
59
what are the different neuron segments?
-receptive segment -initial -conductive -transmissive
60
define receptive neuron segment
dendrites and cell body receive neurotransmitters -> graded threshold potential
61
define initial neuron segment (axon hillock)
-summation of graded potentials -triggers AP if threshold reached
62
define conductive neuron segment (Axon)
-propagation of AP down axon via sodium-potassium channels
63
define transmissive neuron segment (axon terminals)
AP triggers neurotransmitter release -> communicates with next cell
64
explain synaptic transmission
1. AP reaches synaptic knob 2. voltage-gated calcium channels open, calcium enters 3. calcium triggers vesicle release -> neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft 4. neurotransmitters bind postsynaptic receptors - open chemically gated channels (EPSP) or (IPSP) 5. graded potential summate at axon hillock - may trigger new AP
65
difference between graded and action potentials
-GRADED potential: dendrites/cell body, vary in size, can depolarize or hyperpolarize -ACTION potential: axon, all-or-none, same size, always depolarizing - transmits signal
66
difference between CNS & PNS in myelin and conduction
CNS: oligendrocytes -> myelin multiple axons PNS: neurolemocytes (schwann cells) -> myelinate single axon segments
67
what is the function of the myelin and conduction?
insulate axons -> faster propagation
68
location and function of glial cell type astrocytes
-CNS -blood-brain barrier, chemical environment
69
location and function of glial cell type oligodendrocytes
-CNS -myelin formation
70
location and function of glial cell type microglia
-CNS -immune surveillance -phagocytosis
71
location and function of glial cell type ependymal cells
-CNS -poduce CSF -line ventricles
72
location and function of glial cell type satelitte cells
-PNS -support neurons
73
location and function of glial cell type neurolemocytes
-PNS -myelinate axons
74
define multiple sclerosis
-autoimmune attack on CNS myelin -demyelination -impaired AP conduction -somatic/automatic deficits
75
difference between somatic and autonomic NS
-somatic: voluntary motor and sensory -autonomic: involuntary control, includes entric NS
76
define membrane potential
-different electrical states of cell membrane measure in mV
77
how is graded potentials amount of change is determine?
by site of stimulus
78
define refractory period
-time when new AP cannot be initiated
79
in synaptic transmission, what happens when AP reaches synaptic bulb?
voltage-gated calcium channels open
80
function of satellite cells
support cells
81
what does schwann cells produce?
myelin
82
define myelination
formation of myelin sheath -insulation and increase nerve impulse
83
define neurofibril nodes
gaps in myelin sheath
84
difference between continuous and saltatory conduction
-continuous conduction: propagation along unmyelinatinated axon -saltatory conduction: propagation along myelinated axon
BIOL 110 WEEK 8
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