terms

Question 1

define spinal cord

Answer 1

-bundle of nervous tissue within spinal column
-carries info between brain and rest of body

Question 2

what happens to the sensory info and motor output in spinal cord?

Answer 2

-sensory info moves up the cord
-motor output moves down the cord

Question 3

what is external cord anatomy?

Answer 3

-contains spinal meninges
-continuation of cranial meninges

Question 4

where is conus medullaris located?

Answer 4

-between L1-L2
-inferior end of spinal cord

Question 5

what is cauda equina and where is it located?

Answer 5

-bundle of nerves
-located in roots of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves

Question 6

what brain and spinal injury happens in developmental stage of an infant? define the injury

Answer 6

-spina bifida
-incomplete closing of vertebrae
-can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis

Question 7

what is lumbar puncture?

Answer 7

-needle inserted into subarachnoid space
-to withdraw csf

Question 8

what is epidural?

Answer 8

-anesthetic is injected into epidural space

Question 9

in internal cord anatomy, define gray horns and white columns

Answer 9

1. gray horns-neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
2. white columns-myelinated axons

Question 10

what are the three horns in gray horns? define each

Answer 10

1. posterior horn-sensory nerves
   2.anterior horn-somatic motor output
   3.lateral horns-ANS motor neurons

Question 11

what are the three columns in white column? where are they related?

Answer 11

1. anterior columns-between anterior horns
   2.posterior columns- between posterior horns
2. lateral columns- between posterior and lateral horns

Question 12

in internal cord anatomy, what are the two tracts in the white matter? what are their functions?

Answer 12

1. ascending tracts-carry sensory info to the brain
2. descending tracts-carry motor info from the brain

Question 13

what division does the spinal nerves located?

Answer 13

-in peripheral nervous system

Question 14

what division does the spinal tract located?

Answer 14

-in CNS

Question 15

what are the three layers of connective tissues in peripheral nerve? define each

Answer 15

-epinerium-surrounding layer of fibrous CT around nerve
-perinerium-fibrous CT around fascicle
-endoneurium-loose CT around individual axons

Question 16

what is fascicle?

Answer 16

-bundles of axons

Question 17

what are the two types of spinal nerve roots?

Answer 17

1.posterior root-sensory neurons
2.anterior root-motor neurons

Question 18

how many pairs of spinal nerves have?

Answer 18

31

Question 19

what are the other info about the 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

Answer 19

-emerge fromm cord in segments
-leave from intervertebral foramen between adjoining vertebrae

Question 20

how many pairs for each vertebral cavity?

Answer 20

cervical-8 pairs-c1-c8
thoracic-12 pairs-t1-12
lumbar-5 pairs-L1-L5
sacral-5 pairs-S1-S5
coccygeal-1 pair-Co1

Question 21

what is dermatomes?

Answer 21

-area of skin that is innervated by single spinal nerve

Question 22

what are some examples of dermatomes?

Answer 22

-c6/c7-thumb and index finger
-t4-mid nipple line
-t1q-umbiculus
-L1-L5-lower extremity

Question 23

define tract in internal cord anatomy

Answer 23

-white matter of the cord
-divided into 3 columns per side (red-motor,blue-sensory)

Question 24

what are the 3 neurons in the ascending tract in somatic sensory pathways? define each

Answer 24

-primary neuron: sensory neuron, relay info to secondary neuron
-secondary neuron: interneuron, between primary and tertiary
-tertiary neuron: interneuron, between secondary and cerebrum

Question 25

In somatic sensory pathways, what are the structures located in posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway?

Answer 25

-fasciculus gracilis -fasciculus cuneatus

Question 27

describe posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway

Answer 27

-discriminative touch -light pressure -vibration -conscious proprioception

Question 28

In somatic sensory pathways, what are the structures located in spinocerebellar tract?

Answer 28

-dorsal spinocerebellar tract -ventral spinocerebellar tract

Question 29

define spinocerebellar tract

Answer 29

-subconscious proprioception

Question 30

In somatic sensory pathways, what are the structures located in anterolateral pathway?

Answer 30

-lateral spinothalamic tract -anterior spinothalamic tract

Question 31

define anterolateral pathway

Answer 31

-crude touch and pressure -pain and temperature -itch and tickling

Question 32

how many neurons does the posterior funiculus-medial lemnical pathway, spinocerebellar tracts,anterolateral pathway?

Answer 32

-posterior funiculus-medial lemnical pathway-3 neurons -spinocerebellar tract-2 neurons -anterolateral pathway-3 neurons

Question 33

where is the sensory information taken?

Answer 33

-taken through the pathways to the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 34

where is the motor activity begins?

Answer 34

-primary motor cortex

Question 35

what are the two neuron that is located in the somatic motor pathways descending tract?

Answer 35

-upper motor neuron (UMN) -lower motor neuron (LMN)

Question 36

what does UMN connects?

Answer 36

-brain to appropriate level of spinal cord

Question 37

what does LMN connect?

Answer 37

-spinal cord to skeletal muscle

Question 38

what does corticospinal tract connect?

Answer 38

from brain to effector

Question 39

what are some of the brain and spinal cord injuries related to upper motor neuronal disorders?

Answer 39

-stroke/cva -multiple sclerosis -cerebral palsy -brain injury

Question 40

what are some of the brain and spinal cord injuries related to lower motor neuronal disorders?

Answer 40

-peripheral nerve damage -polio -flaccid paralysis

Question 41

what is nerve plexuses?

Answer 41

-axons from different spinal nerves come together -occurs at 4 places along vertebral column

Question 42

what are the 4 plexus?

Answer 42

cervical-C1-C5, phrenic nerve brachial-C5-C8 and T1, musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median and ulnar nerves lumbar-L1-L4, femoral and obturator nerves sacral-L4-L5 and S1-S4

Question 43

define reflex

Answer 43

-fast, involuntary response

Question 44

what is the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes?

Answer 44

-monosynaptic reflex- direct communication between sensory and motor neuron -polysnaptic relfex- interneuron facilitates sensory-motor communication

Question 45

what are the 4 types of reflexes? define each

Answer 45

stretch reflex-causes contraction of skeletal muscle, protect from overstretching, monosynaptic tendon reflex-causes msucle contraction, protects muscles from tearing, polysynaptic withdrawal reflex-causes withdrawal of limb, from painful stimulus, polysynaptic cross-extensor reflex-helps maintain balance, polysynaptic