TERMS

Question 1

define olfaction and gustation

Answer 1

-olfaction:process of perceiving odorants (400 different receptors)
-gustation:process of perceiving tastants (5 different taste receptors)

Question 2

what are the 3 cell types of olfactory epitheliun? define each

Answer 2

1. olfactory receptor cells-detect odour-producing molecules, bipolar neurons
2. supporting cells-provide support and nutrients
3. basal cells-neural stem cells

Question 3

what is the olfaction process?

Answer 3

-CN1 –> olfactory bulb –> olfactory tract –> primary olfactory area in temporal lobe

Question 4

how many gustatory receptor cells,supporting cells and basal cells does taste buds composed of?

Answer 4

-50

Question 5

what are the three papillae with taste buds?

Answer 5

1.vallate
2.fungiform
3.foliate

Question 6

what type of papillae doesn’t have taste buds?

Answer 6

-filiform

Question 7

what are the five taste receptors?

Answer 7

-salty,sour,sweet,bitter,umami

Question 8

desribe gustatory pathway

Answer 8

-chemical binds –> depolarizationbn
-AP on sensory neuron (CN VII + CN IX)
-gustatory nucleus in medulla oblongata
-thalamus
-primary gustatory area

Question 9

what type of mode of activation for gustation and olfaction?

Answer 9

-chemoreceptors

Question 10

what mode of activation is used in vision?

Answer 10

-photoreceptors

Question 11

what are the 3 steps in converting electromagnetic radiation into image in brain?

Answer 11

1. focus the light in retina
2. convert photons into AP (photoreceptors)
3. take APs and generate an image in the brain

Question 12

what are the three tunics of the eye? what are the structures in each?

Answer 12

1. fibrous tunic- sclera and cornea
2. vascular tunic- choroid, ciliary body, iris, and pupil
3. retina- neural layer

Question 13

define fovea centralis

Answer 13

-small depression at center of retina
-no rods or nerve cells
-only cones

Question 14

define refraction

Answer 14

-light rays entering the eye will be bent

Question 15

where is the photoreceptors located?

Answer 15

-found in neural layer of retina

Question 16

difference between rods and cones?

Answer 16

-rods-black and white vision ; low light
-cones-colour vision ; bright light

Question 17

what are the three steps in photopigments? define each

Answer 17

1. isomerization-retinal from cis + trans
2. bleaching-separation of opsin and retinal
   3.regeneration-trans–>cis retinal

Question 18

describe vision pathways/process

Answer 18

-photoreceptors are generating graded potentials (processing info by intermediate cells)
-AP bipolar cell –> ganglion cell
-optic disc –> optic nerve

Question 19

what are the three steps required for audition/hearing?

Answer 19

1. transmit sound waves to middle ear
2. amplify sound to inner ear
3. transduction of sound energy to nerve signals (AP, mechanoreceptors)

Question 20

what mode of activation is used in hearing?

Answer 20

mechanoreceptors

Question 21

describe middle ear (ossicles)

Answer 21

-air filled cavity
-small bones in middle ear
-vibrate to amplify sound

Question 22

describe inner ear (cochlea)

Answer 22

-spiral shaped organ in middle ear
-contains receptors for hearing

Question 23

describe the inner ear structure (scala vestibuli and scala tympani)

Answer 23

-channels within the cochlea
-perilymph

Question 24

describe the inner ear structure (cochlear duct)

Answer 24

-central cavity of cochlea
-endolymph

Question 25

describe the inner ear structure (spiral organ)

Answer 25

-sensory structure for hearing -contains the hair cells

Question 26

describe the inner ear structure (tectorial membrane)

Answer 26

-gelatinous structure abobe spiral organ

Question 27

describe the inner ear structure (basilar membrane)

Answer 27

-membrane below spiral organ

Question 28

hearing process inner

Answer 28

1.sound waves are directed to external ear 2.tympanic membrane vibration causes auditory ossicles to vibrate 3.oval window movement causes pressure waves in perilymph

Question 29

hearing process during

Answer 29

1. perilymph vibration causes vibration in vestibular membrane-causes wave in endolymph and movement in basilar membrane, displacement causes bent of hair cells, initiates nerve signal 2. remaining pressure waves are transferred to scala tympani

Question 30

what is vestibular apparatus connection to equilibrium?

Answer 30

-controls equilibrium

Question 31

define static and dynamic equilibrium

Answer 31

-static equilibrium-state of balance relative to gravity -dynamic equilibrium-balance during rotational movements

Question 32

define the statistic equilibrium structure (macula)

Answer 32

-pit of depression of the utricle and saccule

Question 33

define the statistic equilibrium structure (otolithic membrane)

Answer 33

-contains otoliths -respond to gravity when head position is changed

Question 34

define the dynamic equilibrium structure (ampulla)

Answer 34

-found in semicircular canals -contains small elevation (Crista)

Question 35

define the statistic equilibrium structure (cupula)

Answer 35

-membrane of gelatinous material