Resins
- A mixture of terpenoid molecules and other aromatic compounds that combine to form a solid or semi-solid substance that is excreted by plants for protection or in response to injury.
- The solid/semi-sold portion of resins are often di- and triterpenes, and the aromatic portion is commonly made up of mono- and sesquiterpenes.
- The aromatic components can be distilled from the heavier resinous components
Gum Resins
resins with polysaccharide components as well as volitile oils heavier terpenes
Triterpenes
- 30 carbon skeleton
- usu pentacyclic ( 5ring)
- usu occurs as water soluble saponins
- aglycones are oil soluble
- precurcors to plant steroids
what plants contain triterpenes
rosemary thyme lavender hawthorn olive etc
triterpenoid saponins
- 30c
- the aglycone is lipophilic, but the sugars are hydrophilic, making an amphipathic molecule
triterpene glycoside
One of a group of triterpene glycosides in Actea racemosa
Bound to a xylose glycone
Have anti-estrogenic and pro-apoptotic effect on breast cancer cells
Not a classic phytoestrogen – does not sit in an estrogen receptor
steroidal saponins
27-carbon skeleton
Have multiple sugar units attached (usually 3-5)
Many anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic molecules in this class.
The suffix “-genin” denotes the aglycone
phytosterols
Tetracyclic
Act in plant cell membranes like cholesterol in animal cell membranes.
Plant growth regulators
Found in plant oils and lipophilic extracts
Cardiac Glycosides
Tetracyclic sterol skeleton with an additional 5-membered lactone ring attached to the aglycone.
Cardioactive substances from plants such as Digitalis spp. and Convallaria spp.
Tetraterpenes (carotenoids)
40-carbon chains
Lipophilic, multiple conjugated double bonds
Terminal cyclic structures
Various carotenoids concentrate in tissues providing antioxidant protection - - example: lutein and zeaxanthin concentrate in the macula giving it a yellow color.
Lycopene is the precursor molecule
Xanthophylls
- oxygenated carotenoids
- they have ketone, hydroxyl, and epoxide groups on their rings
Alkaloids
- Nitrogenous molecules – the nitrogen is often contained in a heterocyclic ring.
- Occur as salts or N-oxides in plants.
- Have an alkaline nature.
- Soluble in hydroethanolic menstrum
Alkaloids- list them
- nonheterocycles
- pyridine
- piperidine
- pyrrolizine
- indole
- Quinoline
- isoquinoline
- purine/ methylxantines
- tropane
nonheterocyclic amines
cyclic structure but the nitrogen is not in the cycle
Methylxanthine
AKA purine alkaloids
Pyridine Alkaloids
based on pridine
- nicotine
- trigonelline
pyrrolizidine
- pyrrole base
- 2 of these based are cyclic with a chared nitrogen
- Necine system
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
- Found in Symphytum officinale, Tussilago farfara, Petasites spp.
- Potentially hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic
- PAs that are saturated at the 1,2 position of the necine ring are nontoxic.
- The macrocyclic and mono and diesters have varying degrees of toxicity.
inulin
an oligosaccharide Sources: onions, garlic, artichoke, dandelion, burdock, chicory (up to 80%) Named for Inula helenium Prebiotic Soluble fiber
Topane Alkaloids
low dose crazy confirmation
Pectin
Heteropolysaccharides that can trap water in a 3-D structure.
Soluble fiber
Helical galacturonic acid back bone with varying sugar side groups
Mucilage
Form gels or slime with water.
Found in Althea officinalis, Ulmus fulva
Generally soothing and emollient
Significant crossover between mucilages and immunomodulating polysaccharides.
Immunomodulating polysaccharides
Complex mixtures of heteropolysaccharides and polysaccharide protein complexes that effect the function of the immune system.
The studied modes of action vary from stimulation of hematopoiesis to increasing production of various cytokines
-Common names of Ips Arabinogalactans Acemannans – acetylated mannans PSI, PSII, PS-K beta-Glucans
