Test 1

Question 1

Species Vulnerability Factors (9)

Answer 1

1. Rarity
2. Generation Time
3. Reliance on Key Stone Species / Resources
4. Genetic Loss & Degradation
5. Invasive Species
6. Over exploitation
7. Habitat Loss
8. Environmental Pollution
9. Global Climate Change

Question 2

Micro evolution

Answer 2

Short term changes in allele frequencies within a population (mutation, selections, gene flow, genetic drift)

Ex: Covid 19 Variants

Question 3

Macro evolution

Answer 3

Evolution about species level..

.. change across greater phylogenetic levels

Question 4

Biodiversity Threats (6)

Answer 4

1. Extinction
2. Local Extinction
3. Regional Extinction
4. Extirpation
5. Endemic
6. Local Endemic

Question 5

Extinction (s)

Answer 5

Permanent disappearance of a species

Question 6

Local Extinction (s)

Answer 6

Disappearance from a specific area

Question 7

Regional extinction (s)

Answer 7

Disappearance from significant portion of range

Question 8

Endemic (s)

Answer 8

Unique to a particular area, usually region of speciation

Question 9

Extirpation (s)

Answer 9

Can be synonymous to local extinction

Question 10

Local Endemic (s)

Answer 10

Species restricted to a small area

Question 11

Biome

Answer 11

Natural assemblage of plants and animals shaped by common patterns of vegetation and climate

Question 12

Barrier Types (3)

Answer 12

1. Corridor
2. Filter
3. Sweepstake Route

Question 13

Corridor

Answer 13

Large expanses covering multiple habitats

Question 14

Filter

Answer 14

Some organisms can disperse, some cannot

Question 15

Sweepstake route

Answer 15

Chance dispersal to isolated sites

Question 16

IUCN Red List

Answer 16

• compiles global data on species status
• designed to show trends in overall extinction risk
• criticized for “lacking measures to assess status”

Question 17

Green List

Answer 17

• provides an objective approach to assessing species recovery
  (specific species)(improving species & locations)

Question 18

Karl & Bowen (Geopolitical Taxonomy)

Answer 18

• taxonomic rank is important criterion for establishing conservation priorities.

Ex: debate over Black Sea turtles (endangered) & Green Sea Turtles (threatened)

(Species / Subspecies etc)

Question 19

Geopolitical Species (s)

Answer 19

Groups of individuals confined to geographical or politically defined areas and accorded species status independent of morphological, genetic, & reproductive criteria

Question 20

O’Brien & Mayr

Answer 20

• endangered species act (ESA) specifically protects 3 categories of biological taxa: species, subspecies, and populations
• O’Brien and Mayr point out flaws in the rationale and cite 4 specific instances where enforcement of this policy would jeopardize efforts to recover species listed as endangered

Question 21

Biodiversity Hierarchy

Answer 21

• genetic
• organismal
• ecological

Question 22

Genetic (s)

Answer 22

Alleles- gene complexes-chromosome- individual-population

Question 23

Organismal (s)

Answer 23

Population - species - community

Question 24

Ecological (s)

Answer 24

Ecosystem-ecoregion- province- biome

Question 25

Species diversity

Answer 25

Species richness defined as number species per unit area, if weighed by measure of importance (abundance, size,productivity)

Question 29

Types of Distribution Patterns (3)

Answer 29

1. Continuous 2. Disjunct 3. Endemic

Question 30

Continuous

Answer 30

Cosmopolitan species

Question 31

Disjunct

Answer 31

Represented by evolutionary relics, climatic relics, and habitat relics

Question 32

Endemic

Answer 32

Reflect isolation and stability of a particular taxa

Question 33

Biodiversity Hotspots

Answer 33

Areas of greatest biodiversity AND likelihood of loss 1. Mesoamerica 2. Japan 3. New Zealand 4. Caribbean islands 5. Southwest Australia

Question 34

Value of biodiversity

Answer 34

Use and non-use

Question 35

Use

Answer 35

Direct contact and / or use of resources - consumptive (timber harvest, hunting, etc) - non-consumptive (open space = ecotourism)

Question 36

Non use

Answer 36

1. Pollination 2. Pest control 3. Soil stabilization 4. water quality 5. Carbon sequestration

Question 37

Modes of transportation (7)

Answer 37

1. Stowaways 2. Agriculture 3. Commerce 4. Recreation 5. Scientific research 6. Biological control 7. Large scale infrastructure

Question 38

What allows a species to become invasive (3)

Answer 38

1. Broad environmental tolerance 2. Darwin’s “neutralization hypothesis” 3. local adaptation

Question 39

Impacts of Invasives (5)

Answer 39

1. Ecosystem modification 2. Resource competition 3. Herbivory 4. Pathogens & parasites 5. Predation

Question 40

So what can we do

Answer 40

Exclude Monitor Maintenance management

Question 42

Spatial Richness Patterns

Answer 42

Species richness separated into spatial components - Alpha diversity - Beta diversity

Question 43

Alpha Diversity

Answer 43

Number of species in a homogeneous area

Question 44

Beta Diversity

Answer 44

Rate of change between sites or across environmental gradient