1
Q
What do we call a physical or cognitive property of an individual that influences functioning of technological systems as well as human-environment equilibriums?
A
Human Factors
2
Q
The study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities.
A
Ergonomics
3
Q
Quality of an object, or an environment, that allows an individual to perform an action
A
Affordances
4
Q
They are anything that can vary or differ.
Can be an event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic
A
Variables
5
Q
Goals of Science
A
Description
Prediction
Explanation/Understanding
6
Q
What is an operational definition of a variable?
A
A definition of the variable in terms of the operations or techniques the researcher uses in order to measure or manipulate it
7
Q
consistency of measurements
A
Reliability
8
Q
The degree to which an experiment, a procedure, or a measurement represents what it is supposed to represent
A
Validity
9
Q
does the measure that is employed actually measure the construct it is intended to measure?
A
Construct validity
10
Q
can the results or the principles derived from the results can be generalized to a variety of other settings?
A
External validity
11
Q
do the behaviors observed in the study reflect the behaviors that actually occur in a natural setting?
A
Ecological validity
12
Q
When you want to examine a situation that cannot be replicated
A
Descriptive
13
Q
can the relations observed can be attributed with a high degree of confidence to the variables of interest? i.e., the ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from our data.
A
Internal validity
14
Q
measure the strength of a relationship between two or more variables
A
Correlational research
15
Q
observe two or more groups that are differentiated on the basis of some preexisting variable
A
Differential research
16
Q
Test a hypothesis that makes a causal statement about the relation among variables
Compare a dependent measure at at least two levels of an independent variable
Randomly assign people to experimental conditions to make sure that the effects of many potentially confounding factors are distributed equally across conditions
A
Experimental
17
Q
making new products
Modifying existing products
Designing environments
Safety
Develop training programs or instruction manuals
Organizational development and restructuring
A
Design
18
Q
how easy is it to learn?
A
Learnability
19
Q
how quickly and accurately can you do it?
A
Efficiency
20
Q
how easy is it to remember?
A
Memorability
21
Q
reduce the number of possible errors
A
Low Error Rate
22
Q
increase the user’s happiness with the system
A
Satisfaction
23
Q
The gap between the user’s goal of action and the means to execute that goal
A
Gulf of Execution
24
Q
The degree to which the system provides representations that can be directly perceived and interpreted in terms of the expectations and intentions of the user
A
Gulf of Evaluation
25
failure in execution of action
Slip
26
errors in planning of action
Mistake
27
an intended action is forgotten and not carried out
Lapses
28
intentional choice to disobey rule or procedure (without the intention to cause harm)
Violations
29
action is appropriate in one system mode, but is carried out in a different mode
Mode Errors
30
the user fails to perform the required action
Error of Omission
31
the user performs an inappropriate action
Error of Commission
32
Performs an action too early/late
Timing Error
33
Performs the steps in the wrong order
Sequence Error
34
Uses the wrong control
Selection Error
35
a system is not used according to correct procedure
Operating Error
36
system designer creates an error-likely situation by failing to consider human tendencies or limitations
Design Error
37
Is not an inherent characteristic of the human/machine system
Is not inherent in the information to be processed
Is (usually) expected to degrade system performance
stressor
38
the general energy level of the operator
Arousal
39
For best performance, the optimal level of arousal depends on task complexity
Yerkes-Dodson Law
40
makes cause of errors look obvious in retrospect
Hindsight bias
41
a buffer for stimuli received through the senses and is constantly being overwritten by new information
Sensory memory
42
temporary memory system that you use in order to help you do other complicated cognitive tasks
working memory
43
the absolute limits of the sensory systems to provide information that a stimulus is present
Detectability
44
the ability to determine that two stimuli differ from each other
Discriminability
45
discovering the relation between perceived magnitude and physical magnitude
Psychophysical Scaling
46
Smallest amount of intensity needed for a person to notice a stimulus
Absolute threshold
47
Smallest amount of difference needed for a person to perceive two stimuli as different
Difference threshold
48
the amount of time between the occurrence of an event and a person’s response.
Reaction Time
49
a single response is made after the action occurs
Simple reaction time
50
more than one response can be made and the correct response depends on the stimulus that occurs
Choice reaction time
51
a color comprised of a single wavelength
Spectral colors
52
apparent purity, vividness, or richness
Saturation
53
missing one photopigment
Dichromatic vision
54
Suggests that color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems: blue-yellow and red-green
Opponent Process Theory
55
Represents the ability of the visual system to distinguish bright and dim components of a static image
Contrast Sensitivity
56
elements close together are perceived as a group
Proximity
57
similar elements (in terms of color, form, or orientation) are perceived together
Similarity
58
points connected in straight or smoothly curving lines are perceived together
Continuity
59
open curves are perceived as complete forms
Closure
60
elements moving in the same direction at the same speed are perceived as together
Common fate
61
automatic adjustments of the lens that maintain a focused image on the retina
Accomodation
62
degree to which the eyes are turned inward to maintain fixation on an object
Vergence
63
nearer objects will block the view of more distant objects if they are in the same line of vision
Interposition
64
apparent displacement or difference in position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight
Motion Parallax
65
discrete jumps of retinal images can produce the appearance of smooth motion
Apparent motion
66
frequencies across most or all of the auditory spectrum
Wideband noise
67
only a restricted range of frequencies
Narrowband noise
68
three ear bones
ossicles
69
is when the neural response to a sound can be suppressed by a second sound
Two-tone suppression
70
the smallest speech segment that can alter the meaning of a word
phoneme
71
Allows us to feel the movement of our bodies
Vestibular System
72
Detects facets of the environment that you can physically feel
Somesthetic System
73
are obtained by asking participants if they can determine the distance between two stimuli on their skin, when they are perceived as one stimuli
Two-point thresholds
74
how well the display attracts attention
Conspicuity
75
how well the display can be seen
Visibility
76
the ease with which the symbols and letters present in the display can be discerned
Legibility
77
concerns larger groups of characters (e.g. words, sentences) in which comprehension of the material is a consideration
Readability
78
describes how the message in the display should be unambiguous and include information about consequences if ignored
Intelligibility
79
the connection between a pair of items indicating a certain relation between them
Link
80
brief, recognizable sequences of tones to provide information
Earcons
81
any displays where information is conveyed by sense of touch
Tactile displays
82
displays that apply force, vibration, or motion to the user
Haptic displays
83
involves breaking down the task under analysis into a hierarchy of goals, operations and plans
Hierarchical Task Analysis
84
The unobservable task goals associated with the task in question
Goals
85
The observable behaviors or activities that the operator has to perform in order to accomplish the goal of the task in question
Operations
86
The unobservable decisions and planning made on behalf of the operator
Plans
87
Breaks down the components of the task in terms of the cognitive ability required during each step
Cognitive Task Analysis
88
determines our ability to focus on certain sources of information and ignore others
Selective attention
89
determines our ability to do more than one thing at once
Divided attention
90
This is a hypothetical point where the two tasks can be performed together as efficiently as they are performed alone
independence point
91
is the distance between the POC curve and the independence point
An indicator of how efficiently the two tasks can be performed together
Performance efficiency
92
is the difference between performance for one task alone and dual-task performance
cost of concurrence
93
A decrease in vigilance when a task is performed for an extended period of time
vigilance decrement
94
sustained attention
Vigilance
95
Requires detection of relatively infrequent signals that occur at unpredictable times
A vigilance task
96
The benefits of practice continue infinitely
| The greatest benefits occur early in practice
Power law of practice
97
the extent to which a person can perform a new task because of practice with a related task
Transfer
98
relating very similar tasks
near transfer
99
relating very different tasks
far transfer
100
3 phases of skill acquisition
Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous
101
Used in situations for which no known rules are applicable
Knowledge-Based Behavior
102
limited representation of a design that allows users to interact with it and to explore its suitability
prototype
103
prototype is one that does not look very much like the final product
low-fidelity prototype
104
looks a lot more like the finished product
High-fidelity prototyping
105
providing a wide range of functions but with little detail
horizontal prototyping
106
providing a lot of detail for only a few functions, aka depth
vertical prototyping
107
three levels of processing from Norman
Visceral, Behavioral, reflective
108
specify a particular stage in the information processing sequence where the amount of information we can attend to is limited
Bottleneck models of attention
109
view attention as a limited-capacity resource that can be allocated to one or more tasks
Resource models of attention
110
Models that do not hypothesize any capacity limitations
executive control models
111
Early selection model in which stimuli enter a central processing channel one at a time to be identified
Filter Theory
112
claims an early filter serves only to attenuate the signal of an unattended message rather than to block it entirely
Filter-attenuation model
113
describes how all information comes into the processing sequence but if they are not important, they decay rapidly
Late-selection model
114
states that decrements in multiple-task performance are due to the strategies that people adopt to perform different tasks in different manners
Executive-Process Interactive Control (EPIC) theory
115
shows the trade off for divided attention
performance-operating characteristic (POC) curve
116
allow respondents to answer in their own words
Open-ended questions
117
answers with a small or large set of potential choices
Closed-ended questions
118
Respondent can choose one of only two fixed answer choices
Dichotomous
119
Respondent can choose one of many fixed answer choices
Multichotomous
120
refers to the total amount of work or effort that a person, or group of people, is to perform within a time limit
Workload
121
the amount of mental effort necessary to perform a task within a time limit
Mental workload
122
used to measure and assess workload directly in a system or simulated system
Empirical techniques
123
used to predict workload demands early in the system development process
Analytical techniques
124
evaluate workload by obtaining users’ judgments about their tasks
Subjective assessment techniques
125
measuring subject's body to get workload information
psychophysiological measures
126
uses workload data from a predecessor system to estimate the workload for a system under development
Comparison technique
127
Users and designers of systems similar to the one being developed are provided a description of the proposed system and asked to predict workload, among other things
Expert opinion
128
choices a rational person makes under ideal circumstances
Normative
129
choices a typical person makes under typical circumstances
Descriptive
130
evaluates all possible actions and selects the best option to achieve a goal
Forward chaining
131
starts with the goal and works backwards to the initial state
Backward chaining
132
in which you identify the difference between the current state and the goal state and try to reduce it
Means-end analysis
133
a conclusion follows necessarily from assumptions about the problem
Deduction
134
a conclusion is drawn from particular conditions or facts relevant to a problem
Induction
135
statements that include quantifiers such as “some” or “all”
Categorical
136
We use mental shortcuts to narrow down the potential actions and increase the probability of finding a correct solution
heuristics
137
people only focus on features that are the most personally important
Elimination-by-aspects heuristic
138
the ease with which events can be retrieved from memory
Availability heuristic
139
is based on the degree of to which an event is similar to its parent population, and to which it reflects the salient features
representativeness heuristic
140
Understand the conditions for a situation
| Know the course of action to take
primed decisions
141
the field of computers as persuasive technologies
Captology
142
used to describe the overall persuasive intent of a product
macrosuasion
143
used to describe a product that does not have an overall intent to persuade, but that incorporates smaller persuasive
microsuasion
Erg
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