Test 1

Question 1

Relative risk

Answer 1

Probability of an event (ex. cancer) in exposed (ex exercise) group compared to the probability of that event in non exposed (ex no exercise) group

Question 2

Relative risk example

Answer 2

17% of physically inactive women develop breast cancer, while 1% of physically active women develop breast cancer
RR= 17%/1%
Physically inactive women are 17X more likely to develop breast cancer than physically active women

Question 3

Randomized control trial

Answer 3

Participants are randomly allocated to receive one of the other treatments under study
Studies risk factors (ex. blood pressure, insulin resistance etc.)

Question 4

Types of randomized control trials

Answer 4

1. Efficacy trial
2. Effectiveness trial

Question 5

Efficacy trial

Answer 5

Concerned with what happens when you exercise (internal validity)
Measures a trait under ideal settings
Ex. Does exercise reduce risk of morbidity and motality?

Question 6

Effectiveness trial

Answer 6

Concerned with behaviour change (external validity)
Measures translation of traits to real-world setting
Ex. How can we get people to regularly adopt and sustain PA?

Question 7

Prospective cohort study

Answer 7

Follows of a group of individuals over time who differ with respect to certain factors under study to determine how these factors effect a certain outcome (ex cancer, morality, diabetes)

Question 8

Strengths of a prospective cohort study

Answer 8

Large sample
Generalizable
Multiple outcomes can be studied

Question 9

Limitations of a prospective cohort study

Answer 9

Expensive
Confounding variables
Changes in exposure (diff levels of PA)

Question 10

Principal assertion of 24 hour movement guidelines

Answer 10

The composition of movement behaviours (sleep, sedentary, behaviour, physical activity) are mutually exclusive (the behaviours co-exist)
If you change one behaviour anther behaviour must change
Provide opportunities to engage in movement behaviours in a way that reflect individuality, variability and personal preferences

Question 11

Recommendation 1: MVPA

Answer 11

• 150 min MVPA per week
• No longer needs to be in greater than 10 bouts
• Muscle strengthening activity at least twice a week
• PA that challenges balance for 65+

Question 12

Three key observations of relationship btwn MVPA and all-cause mortality

Answer 12

1. Steep inverse dose-response relationship (greatest benefit) occurs when going from little MVPA to some
2. No lower threshold for benefit
3. Intensity doesn’t matter
4. No evidence of risk at high end of exercise dose

Question 13

Hazard ratio

Answer 13

Measure of how often a particular even happens in one group compared to another; estimate of relative risk

Question 14

Why doesn’t intensity matter in the guidelines?

Answer 14

There is no evidence of an upper threshold effect (the harder you work doesnt determine your hazard ratio of mortality)
Guidelines are based on outcomes (ex. mortality), not risk factors,

Question 15

Recommendation 2: LPA

Answer 15

1. Associated w a reduction in risk in a dose-respone manner
2. Any amount of LPA counts
3. Reallocating sedentary time into LPA is associated with benefit

Question 16

Recommendation 3: Sedentary time

Answer 16

1. High sedentary behaviour is associated with negative health outcomes
2. There is a positive dose-response relationship btwn sedentary time and mortality
3. Reallocating sedentary time into any of the other movement behaviours is associated with benefit

Question 17

Public health implications of guidelines

Answer 17

• Promoting participation of MVPA of any length provides more options and increases engagement
• Promotes engagement in exercise of less than 10 min bouts
• LPA encourage participation in routine activities, feasible, supports public health initiatives (stairs, walking, standing)
• Limiting sedentary time will reduce the risk of chronic disease, mortality

Question 18

Dose response relationship btwn MVPA and health outcomes

Answer 18

1. MVPA is associated w substantial reduction in health risk
2. Any amount counts
3. Reallocate time into MVPA
   **MVPA benefits health regardless of sedentary behaviours and LPA

Question 19

Dose response relationship btwn LPA and health outcomes

Answer 19

1. LPA is associated with a substantial reduction in health risk is dose response later
2. Any amount of LPA counts
3. Reallocating some sedentary time into any of the movement behaviours is associated w benefit

Question 20

Approaches for integrating movement behaviours

Answer 20

1. Examine effects of one intensity of movement within levels of another (ex. more PA=more you reduce the effect that sedentary has on health)
2. Independent effects of two movement behaviours (ex. direct effects of sedentary independent of MVPA)
3. Compositional data analysis (CoDA)

Question 21

Cardiorespiratory fitness 3 points

Answer 21

1. CRF reduces your risk of mortality, independent of risk factors (ex. metabolic syndrome)
2. CRF can be measured pragmatically in clinical settings (step test, treadmill test, non-exercise method)
3. CRF can be improved by performing PA and following guidelines (intensity matters)

Question 22

Estimating CRF

Answer 22

• Using a non-exercise model/algorithm
• estimated CRF associated with measured CRF
• estimated CRF is associated with/predicts CVD and all cause mortality similar to measured CRF

Question 23

Association btwn exercise amount and intensity on insulin resistance/ blood glucose

Answer 23

Increasing intensity has more of an effect on 2-hour glucose than increasing amount

Question 24

Why is CRF a strong predictor of mortality?

Answer 24

Effects risk factors such as cigarette smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, T2D