What is language?
A set of symbols used for communication
What is language used for? (4)
- Facilitates thinking, problem solving, decision making
- unique to humans
- supports creative + progressive social interaction
- thinking about thinking
What are the components of language? (3)
- Language production
- Speech
- Language comprehension
What is the nature argument of language learning?
Children are genetically programmed at birth to learn language - Chomsky
What is the nurture argument of language learning?
language is entirely learned - Skinner
What is the nurture and nature (interactionist) argument of language learning?
both theories are important
What is a critical period?
Stage when an individual must be exposed to something in order to have that skill or ability later in life. Stage when individual is particularly open to specific learning.
What is a sensitive period?
Stage in development when an individual can best acquire specific skill. ex. learning a new language
What is dialectical reasoning?
- Weighing pros and cons in head
- Opposing facts are weighed and compared in order to determine best solution or resolve differences
What is cognitive dissonance?
- Belief is different than action or 2 different beliefs
When would cognitive dissonance occur? (3)
- Justify a choice or decision freely made
- Justify choice or decision that conflicts with view of yourself
- Justify effort put into decision or choice
What is divergent thinking?
- generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm
- being able to apply concepts from one domain to another unrelated domain
What is metacognition?
- thinking about one’s own thoughts
- reliving memories, considering past learning to understand current events, self-reflection, theory of mind
What is theory of mind?
Understanding other how other’s minds work
What is the definition of intelligence?
A construct that refers to individual differences in abilities to:
- acquire knowledge
- think and reason effectively
- deal adaptively with the environment
What is Charles Spearman’s view on intelligence?
GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
g factor - general intellectual ability assumed to underlie specific mental abilities and talents
people that did well in one part of the test typically did well in other sections so they must have a high general intelligence.
What was Louis Thurstone’s view on intelligence?
7 CLUSTERS OF ABILITY
results of the 56 skill test fell into 7 clusters
1. Verbal comprehension
2. Inductive reasoning
3. Word fluency
4. Spacial ability
5. Memory
6. Perceptual speed
7. Numerical ability
What was Howard Gardner’s view on intelligence?
8 INTELLIGENCES/MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
Linguistic, Mathematical, Body-Kinesthetic, Musical, Visual-Spatial, Personal, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist, Extistentional
Wet was Robert Sternburg’s view on intelligence?
INTELLIGENCE TRIARCHY
1. Practical intelligence
2. Analytical intelligence
3. Creative intelligence
What is social intelligence?
Ability to understand and navigate social situations
What is emotional intelligence?
Processing and managing emotional component of social situations
How did IQ tests come into play?
In late 1800s Alfred Binet created a test to see which children should be in regular school and which would need more help. This test is still used today as the Binet-Simon scale.
Why do we assess intelligence? (2)
- To study how and why people differ in ability
- To match strengths and weaknesses to jobs and school programs
At what age does IQ score stay relatively the same?
7
