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test #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define: anthropology

A
  • study of human nature, soc., lang., past
  • study relatives of humans to help understand evol.
  • comparative approach (sim. and diff.)
  • multidisiplinary
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2
Q

name: subfields of anthro.

A
  1. cultural
    - contemporary cult. + soc.
  2. linguistic
    - lang. construction + use
  3. biological
    - human evol., adaptation, behaviour via lens of bio
  4. archeology
    - human material cult. (phys. remains of human activity)

**“5th field” - applied anthro. (for real world problems)

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3
Q

name: unifying concepts of anthro.

A
  1. fieldwork
  2. culture
    - learned + shared behaviours/beliefs that shape human exp.
  3. holism
    - tries to integrate all that is known about humans + activities (into a whole)
  4. evol.
    - bio evol.: change in charac. of sp. over many gen
    - cult. evol.: learned adjustments in behaviour
  5. biocultural approaches
    - humans defined by bio + cult. factors
  6. comparison
    - want to explain sim. + diff. (w/ interactions, con-/di- vergence)
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4
Q

explain (key person): phillipe bourgois

A
  • cultural anthro.
  • wrote: In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio
  • ethnography: scientific descrip. of the customs of ppls and cult.
  • wanted to understand how poverty + racism impact involvement with the drug trade
    ⤷ Puerto Rican gang members in East Harlem
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5
Q

explain (key person): christine schreyer

A
  • linguistic anthro.
  • studies conlangs (klingon, elvish)
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6
Q

explain (key person): sharon dewitte

A
  • bio anthro.
  • paleoepidemiology
  • studies bio + soc. factors to reconstruct life during the black death in medieval europe
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7
Q

explain (key person): rudy
reimer

A
  • archeological anthro.
  • yumks + obsidian trade
  • studies mvt. of obsidian and other mountain res.
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8
Q

define: cultural relativism

A
  • reseach stance
  • puts behaviour, attitudes, + customs in context on soc.’s wider cult. frame
  • cult. must be understood based on it’s own context + history
  • can’t apply own exp. onto other cult.
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9
Q

define: ethnocentrism

A
  • opp. of cultural relativism
  • incorrect idea that own cult. > other cult.
  • anthropologists need to overcome culture shock (diff. + automatic judgements)
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10
Q

define: sex

A
  • bodily classification of int. and ext. reproductive anat.
  • usually seen as dichotomous
  • assigned at birth based on ext. genitalia
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11
Q

define: gender

A
  • folk taxonomy defined by soc. roles + performed behaviours
  • associated w/ bodies based on soc. meaning + use
  • culturally constructed
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12
Q

define: folk taxonomy

A
  • classification based on cult. criteria that reflect soc. meaning + use
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13
Q

define: intersex

A
  • conditions normally associated w/ presence of both male + fem. rep. organs
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14
Q

explain (case study): turner’s syndrome

A
  • X 0
  • only 1 x chromo.
  • 1.2500 fem.
  • prevents ovaries from dev. properly
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15
Q

explain (case study): kleinfelter’s syndrom

A
  • XXY
  • extra x chromo.
  • 1/500 - 1000 men
  • many don’t show symptoms
  • reductions in testosterone + prod. little to no sperm
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16
Q

explain (case study): androgen insensitivity syndrome

A
  • XY
  • sometimes w/ male + fem. structures
  • prod. androgen but lacks masculinizing resp.
  • complete form = female anat.
    ⤷ indistinguishable from XX
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17
Q

explain (key person): anne fausto-sterling

A
  • believed Western cult. committed to the idea of 2 sexes
  • binary enforced by written law, medicines, etc.
  • thinks sex is malleable
  • argues that “corrective” medicine reinforces soc. stigma
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18
Q

explain (key person): michel foucault

A
  • proposed biopower
  • biopower: monitoring + management of pop. by government
  • diff. bodies are regulated to conform to binary (related to fausto-sterling)
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19
Q

explain (key person): caster semenya

A
  • runner/athlete
  • intersex
  • assigned fem. at birth but has ↑ testosterone
  • may be unfair when participating in women’s events
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20
Q

explain (key person): margaret mead

A
  • pioneer of participant-observation work
  • lived in Samoa
    ⤷ did interviews for insight into sexuality + coming of age
  • Samoan adolescent girls = promiscuous
    ⤷ characterized Samoan soc. = more seucal freedom (coming from America, where sexuality = frowned upon)
  • participant-observation (interlocutors)
  • cross-cultural research
    ⤷ showed varied gender expectations around the world
  • people not born knowing gender
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21
Q

explain (case study): aka

A
  • rainforest ppl
  • see sex as purely reproduction work
    ⤷ work, but pleasurable work
  • unfamiliar w. masturbation and same-sex activity
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22
Q

explain (case study): making men (sambians)

A
  • boys engage in sexual practices w/ adult men
    ⤷ as manhood initiation
  • erasing feminizing influence
  • more freq. in soc. w/ same sex segregation
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23
Q

explain (case study): travestis

A
  • ppl assigned male + self-identify as “feminine” (viado)
  • use fem. pronouns + prefer hetero. partners
  • body mods.
  • do not consider themselves male or fem.
    ⤷ still assume fem. role in relationship
  • sexual identity = role specific
    ⤷ penetrating vs being penetrated
  • book by don kulick
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24
Q

explain (key person): judith butler

A
  • argues gender = performance/act
    ⤷ un- and conscious
  • implies showing gender through markers
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25
define: gender markers
- outward indication of one's gender - ex. clothes, colours, hairstyles, body lang. etc.
26
define: stereotype
- generalized belief/expectation of a category of ppl
27
define: hegemonic
- dom./mainstream forms of practice in a culture - usually based on stereotypes ⤷ but diff. betwee cultures - hege. masc. explains how men's power is reinforced (patriarchy) ⤷ toxic masculinity
28
explain (key person): r.w. connell + hegemonic masc.
- studied soc. construction of masculinity - described hege. notion of masc. as: ⤷ active/phys., hetero., providers, stoic - toxic masc.: ⤷ -ive soc. relations, detrimental to equality in pop.
29
explain: hegemonic femininity
- ballerina - expectations of what may be fem. - slight, graceful, emotive, quiet
30
explain (key person): susan bordo
- argues women internalize cult. expectations of hege. fem. - studied how agoraphobia + anorexia can be explained ⤷ attempts to discipline body to achieve hege. fem.
31
explain (case study): wodaabe and gareewol
- beauty contest - not same gender markers (shows variation between cultures) - judged by women ⤷ also event for men + women to meet - men place on show in makeup and dresses
32
explain (case study): menstrual huts
- ex. of gender inequality - cult. has menstrual taboo - perpetuates inequality through fem. bodies
33
explain: gender equality + inequality
- inequality more common - sometimes practices perpetuate inequality - ex. hunter - gatherer = equality ⤷ band soc. ⤷ lack hierarchy - origins: chimps show male dom. hierarchy
34
explain (case study): venus figures
- inequality in upper paleolithic -very old ⤷ inequality isn't just modern - anatomical art - sometimes very curvy ⤷ symbol of being well-off ⤷ may have been sexualized - no male eq. to venus fig.
35
define: androcentricism
- male bias in research - usually unconscious - gynocentricism for women
36
define: third genders
- cult. recognized intermediary gender categories - vary cross-culturally
37
explain + define (case study): burrneshat
- northern albania - sworn virgins ⤷ oath of celibacy in exchange for male privileges - assigned female but assume soc. identity of males - traditionally prescribed by law if all clan's men were killed ⤷ also self-identify - strong gender division for labour + status
38
explain + define (case study): hijras
- india, pakistan, bangladesh, nepal - assigned male or intersex at birth - institutionalized as a class (roles w/ soc.) - markers: fem. dress + ceremonial roles - marginalized in today's soc. ⤷ recently officially recog. in india
39
explain + define (case study): fa'afafine
- samoan - bio. males who dress like women + take on fem. roles - some live entirely as women, others just adopt some feat. - some self-identify, some are designated by mother
40
question: categorize the third gender case studies
- man-woman duality: burrneshat, fa'afafine, muxes - recog. as distinct from man-woman duality: hijras - conferred: burrneshat - self-identify: hijras, fa'afafine, muxes
41
explain + define (case study): muxes
- third gender in mexico - bio. males - way of life - many faced hardship + defiance from families - body mods (sometimes harmful)
42
explain: paris is burning
- bridges sex, gender, sexuality - forming community + fostering accepting "families" - merges performance (balls) ⤷ shows pushing boundaries
43
explain: kumu hina
- ex. of third gender - mahu in hawaii - fa'afafine
44
define: paleoanthropologist
- studies human evol. through fossils + archaeological records - do not study modern primates directly
45
question: primative vs derived diff.?
- primative: shared by last common ancestor between chimp + humans - derived: unique to anatomically modern humans
46
define: relative dating
- identifies order/series - relies on fact that things from same time = similar - references stratigraphy + uses typologies - stratigraphy: older layers lie under younger ones - typology: relies on recog. of types of artifacts + their time period
47
define: absolute dating
- identifies numerical age - relies on sampling - uses radiometric methods ⤷ ex. carbon dating, decay rates - limitations: can't date past a certain date ⤷ bc of diff. rates of radioactive decay
48
define: paleoclimate reconstruction
- climate can show where humans lived + what res. were available - climate can be reconstructed: ⤷ fossil analysis ⤷ stable isotope ratios ⤷ diatom analysis
49
define: primatologist
- study primates that have same taxo. order
50
define: ethnoprimatology
- studies intersection between primates + humans
51
name: sub-orders of primate family tree
- strepsirrhini - haplorhini *humans = haplorrhini
52
explain (case study): shifts in dentition
- strepsirrhini + platyrrhini: 2.1.3.3 - haplorhini: 2.1.2.3 - primate diet moved from insects -> fruits + veggies -> omnivores
53
explain: sexual dimorphism (in terms of primates + humans)
- high dimorphism = polygynous mating sys. (inter-male comp.) - less dimorphism = monogamous mating sys. (less comp.) - ↓ in humans - diverse mating sys. - less dimorphism ∴ less comp. - good soc. cooperation may explain the lack of comp.
54
define: primate
- biological order w/ humans + closest relatives - living and extinct - closer related = more recent common ancestor
55
define: hominoidea
- superfamily w/ all living + extinct hominoids
56
define: hominids
- humans + apes + immediate ancestors
57
define: hominin
- grouping of humans + immediate ancestors
58
define: homology
- shared feat. are obs. bc of common ancestor
59
name: strepsirrhines feat. + ex.
- ex. lemurs, lories - feat.: ⤷ wet noses ⤷ cleft upper lip ⤷ tooth comb ⤷ 2.1.3.3 ⤷ grooming claws ⤷ postorbital bar (eye bar)
60
name: haplorines feat. + ex.
- ex. tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans - feat.: ⤷ dry nose ⤷ continuous upper lip ⤷ postorbital cups (eye socket)
61
name: haplorhine intraorders
- 2 intraorders split at 42mya - platyrrhini - catarrhini - tarsiformes (not in slides)
62
name: platyrrhine feat.
- new world monkeys - feat.: ⤷ broad + flat noses ⤷ 2.1.3.3 ⤷ prehensile tail ⤷ aboreal
63
name: catarrhines feat.
- old world monkeys - feat.: ⤷ downward pointing nostrils ⤷ 2.1.2.3 ⤷ terrestrial + aboreal
64
define: anthropomorphism
- need to not anthropomorphize primates - cannot ascribe human emo. or perspectives to primates - can use comparative approach ⤷ but base the comp. on founded conclusions (no assumptions)
65
name: last common ancestor
- 8 - 5mya - 2002: sahelanthropus tachadensis ⤷ candidate for first hominin (7mya)
66
name: feat. of sahelanthropus tachadensis
- from northern chad - deformed skull, mandible frag., teeth, and femur - derived and primitive: ⤷ reduced facial prognathism ⤷ small brain capacity (~350cc) ⤷ U-shaped dental arcade ⤷ anterior foramen magnum ⤷ heavy brow ridges ⤷ reduction in canine size
67
explain: sahelanthropus tachadensis + bipedalism
- anterior foramen magnum suggested bipedalism - 2020: Maccharelli ⤷ suggested femoral angles = inconsistent w/ bipedalism - prob. not obligate biped - maybe facultative biped
68
name: advantages + disadvantages of bipedalism
- disadvantages ⤷ more visible to predators ⤷ slower over short dist. ⤷ exposes underbelly ⤷ black problems - advantages ⤷ better thermoregulation - 2 theories 1. savannah hypothesis: humans transitioned from rainforests -> savannahs ⤷ bipedal so they can see over grass ⤷ hypo. criticised bc. evi. suggests transition was gradual 2. carry objects ⤷ tool use = defining feat. of hominins ⤷ seen after bipedalism (freed hands for tools)
69
question: how to identify bipedalism?
- position of foramen magnum (more anterior) - shape of spine (s-shaped) - shape of pelvis (broad + low) - shape + struc. of feet (arch presence) - struc. of femur + knee (femoral head angle + bicondylar angle) (slant outward)
70
explain (case study): ardi
- discovered 1992 - 93 in ethiopia - 110 fossil specimens from many indiv. - 300 - 350 cc - awkward biped ⤷ large hands + long fingers ⤷ can walk on 2 but also arboreal
71
name: australopithecines (feat.)
- 4 - 1mya - exclusively in east + south africa - first clear evi. of obligate bipedalism - retained from primitive ⤷ small cc ⤷ large post-canine dentition ⤷ small overall
72
name: categories of australopithecines
- australopithecines - robust australopithecines
73
name: robust australopithecine feat. + ex.
- more pronounced chewing apparatuses - more pronounced zygomatic arches + sagittal crest (skull) - ex. paranthropus boisei ⤷ 2.3 - 1.2mya ⤷ 510 cc ⤷ skull adapted for chewing ⤷ extinct 1mya ⤷ not direct human ancestor
74
name: gracile australopithecine ex.
- ex. lucy (a. afarensis) ⤷ 3.2mya ⤷ discovered 1974 ⤷ 40% complete - ex. taung child (a. africanus) ⤷ 2.8mya ⤷ 3 yrs old at death ⤷ discovered at 1924
75
explain (case study): laetoli footprints
- 1978 - discovered by mary leaky in tanzania - assumed 2 ppl walking side by side - footprints on volcanic field in ashes - evi. for bipedalism based on gait
76
name: homo habilis feat.
- 2.5 - 1.8mya - showed use of formal tools - derived: ⤷ larger brain case ⤷ smaller face + teeth - primitive: ⤷ moderately prognatic face ⤷ long arms
77
explain: oldowan tools
- first use of stone tools - 2.5mya tanzania - associated w/ homo habilis - flakes, scrapers, choppers, pounders
78
name: homo erectus feat.
- 1.8 - 0.3mya - first known hominin to leave africa (asia, euope, britain) - less sexual dimorphism - used new industry tools (acheulean) - derived: ⤷ flatter face ⤷ lower brachial index (short arms) ⤷ larger brain + body - primitive: ⤷ pronounced brow ridge ⤷ low sloping brain case
79
explain (case study): turkana boy
- homo ergaster - 1.6mya - most complete skeleton of hominin - 12 yrs old boy died + buried quickly ⤷ kept well preserved - 5'3 at death (tall for 12 yr old) - derived: ⤷ barrel chest ⤷ obligate biped ⤷ large cc
80
question: homo erectus vs homo ergaster diff.?
- lumper vs splitter arguments - erec.: large geo. range ⤷ erec. in asia should be separate from sp. in africa - erec.: smaller w/ higher domed cranium + thinner cranial walls - erg.: may have given rise to recent hominin sp. (erec. didn't) - splitters still agree there are sim.
81
explain: homo erectus + fire
- cooking + implication for nutritional value of food - allowed h. erec. to expand into colder climates - 1.5mya: kobi forest, africa - 1mya: wonderwerk cave, africa - 780 - 40kya: zhoukoudian cave, china - used FTIR ⤷ look at soil + chem. composition shifts to see impact of heat - cooking = easier to absorb nutrients -> gut shrank + smaller teeth
82
explain: homo neanderthalensis
- 200kya - evol. from homo heidelbergensis - accomp. by new tool industry (mousterian) - found in colder sites (europe)
83
question: neandethal vs h. sapiens diff.?
- nean: ⤷ no chin ⤷ low sloping forehead ⤷ large brow ridges ⤷ projecting mid-face ⤷ occipital bun + larger cc - diff. chest shapes (rib) - diff. nasal cavities -> diff. lungs -> diff. rib cages - nean. = shorter + more squat - nean. more adapted to cold climates)
84
explain (case study): neanderthal genome project
- relation to the modern human - 2006 - 2013 - DNA from femurs of nean. in croatia - non-african modern humans share 1 - 4% DNA w/ nean. - inherited diseases (lupus, diabetes, psoriasis)
85
explain (case study): la chapelle aux saints + nean. culture
- 50000ya: la chapelle aux saints ⤷ evi. that nean. bury dead - ex. of care for sick, injured, elderly ⤷ burials w/ healed + broken bones - suggestions of lang. ⤷ tool complexity (requires verbal instructions) - grave goods (flowers, tools, panther paws)
86
name + define: categories of lithics
1. unmodified - stones used in natural form 2. ground stone tools - polished + ground tools - smooth 3. chipped stone tools - mod. by removing chips from stones - uneven surfaces
87
define: form + func. of lithics
- form: phyc. properties ⤷ insight into manu. process ⤷ complexity shows cognitive capacity + teaching skills - func: way it was used ⤷ insight into behaviour
88
question: oldowan vs acheulean tools diff.?
- oldowan = h. habilis ⤷ exclusively hard hammer percussion for sharp edge ⤷ hand tools - acheulean = h. erectus (maybe erg.) ⤷ hard + soft hammer ⤷ famous: acheulean hand axe
89
explain: mousterian tool industry
- assoc. w/ nean. - 160 - 40kya - used levallois tech. ⤷ way to generate large stone flake w. retouchable cutting edge - mousterian point used as projectile on spear - shows argument for lang. ⤷ needed to describe process (bc complexity)
90
explain: bonobos video
- showed more matrilineal hierarchy - non-violent - diff. from other monkey soc.
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