Test 1

Question 1

1. Based on Bergman’s rule, which of these is true about animal size and climate, all else being equal?
   a. In a warm climate, animals of the same species will be bigger than those in a cold climate
   b. In a warm climate, animals of the same species will be smaller than those in a cold climate

Answer 1

b. In a warm climate, animals of the same species will be smaller than those in a cold climate

Question 2

2. Which organism is likely to have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate?
   a. Elephant (3000 kg)
   b. Blue whale (175,000 kg)
   c. Shrew (7g)

Answer 2

c. Shrew (7g)

Question 3

3. What type of biomolecule is LEAST likely to be used on the surface of a cell as a cell type identifier?
   a. lipid
   b. carbohydrate
   c. protein

Answer 3

a. lipid

Question 4

4. In a parasympathetic dominant state, lung bronchioles will
   a. Constrict
   b. Dilate

Answer 4

a. Constrict

Question 5

5. In a sympathetic dominant state, the pancreas will cause
   a. Glucose to be stored
   b. Glucose to be released

Answer 5

b. Glucose to be released

Question 6

6. If an animal is relaxed, which neurotransmitter will it most likely be using more of?
   a. Acetylcholine
   b. Cortisol
   c. Norepinephrine

Answer 6

a. Acetylcholine

Question 7

7. A neuron’s dendritic arbor has increased in size. What has most likely occurred?
   a. Long term potentiation (sensitization)
   b. Long term depression (habituation)
   c. Short term depression (habituation)
   d. Short term potentiation (sensitization)

Answer 7

a. Long term potentiation (sensitization)

Question 8

8. Which part of the cerebellum plans voluntary movements?
   a. Cerebrocerebellum
   b. Spinocerebellum
   c. Vestibulocerebellum

Answer 8

a. Cerebrocerebellum

Question 9

9. A cell in an isotonic and isosmotic solution. Adding pure water to the extracellular solution will cause
   a. The cell to swell
   b. The cell to shrink
   c. No change in the cell size

Answer 9

a. The cell to swell

Question 10

10. If there are (1) equal concentrations of total solutes (permeable + impermeable) inside and outside the cell AND (2) there are more permeable solutes outside the cell than inside which of the following will happen? Hint: draw it out
    a. Permeable ions will move into the cell & water will move into the cell
    b. Permeable ions will move out of the cell & water will move into the cell
    c. Permeable ions will move out of the cell & water will move out of the cell
    d. Permeable ions will move into the cell & water will move out of the cell
    e. There will be no net movement of molecules/ions

Answer 10

a. Permeable ions will move into the cell & water will move into the cell

Question 11

11. In the question above (#10), that solution is best described as ——– relative to the cell
    a. Isosmotic and isotonic
    b. Isosmotic and hypertonic
    c. Isosmotic and hypotonic
    d. Hyposmotic and hypotonic
    e. Hyperosmotic and hypertonic

Answer 11

c. Isosmotic and hypotonic

Question 12

12. If a synapse needs to have high fidelity of transmission (high likelihood that signal will be passed from one neuron to the next), which kind would be best?
    a. Electrical synapse
    b. Chemical synapse

Answer 12

a. Electrical synapse

Question 13

13. Which of these receptors does NOT have both a slow and a fast subtype?
    a. GABA
    b. Glutamate
    c. Acetylcholine

Answer 13

c. Acetylcholine

Question 14

14. Which of these molecules is involved in priming and/or docking the vesicle for release?
    a. Clathrin
    b. Syntaxin
    c. Dynamin

Answer 14

b. Syntaxin

Question 15

15. Which of these molecules acts as an ion sensor for vesicle release?
    a. Synaptotagmin
    b. Synaptobrevin
    c. Syntaxin

Answer 15

a. Synaptotagmin

Question 16

16. If a cell membrane has a VEQ (equilibrium potential) for K+ that is -70mV, then which one of the following statements is most likely true?
    a. There is a higher concentration of K+ inside the cell than outside the cell than is typical
    b. There is a higher concentration of K+ outside the cell than inside the cell than is typical
    c. There are equal amounts of K+ and Na+ on both sides of the cell membrane.

Answer 16

b. There is a higher concentration of K+ outside the cell than inside the cell than is typical

Question 17

17. Which phase of the action potential is a positive feedback loop?
    a. Relative refractory period
    b. Rising phase
    c. Falling phase

Answer 17

b. Rising phase

Question 18

18. In a neuron, opening 100 times more Cl- channels than either Na+ or K+ channels would
    a. Make an action potential more likely to occur
    b. Make an action potential less likely to occur

Answer 18

b. Make an action potential less likely to occur

Question 19

19. Which of these does NOT involve amplification?
    a. G-protein coupled receptors
    b. Protein kinase signalling
    c. Ligand gated receptors

Answer 19

c. Ligand gated receptors

Question 20

20. At which voltage (potential) would the driving force for sodium (Na+) be largest?
    a. -70 mV
    b. -90 mV
    c. +60 mV

Answer 20

b. -90 mV

Question 21

21. Which of these is NOT a metabolic adaptation for carnivory?
    a. Changes in protease function
    b. Changes in GLUT channels
    c. Increase in gluconeogenesis

Answer 21

a. Changes in protease function

Question 22

22. A body area with low motor dexterity (control) will have a ——- representation in the cortex than an area of higher dexterity
    a. Larger
    b. Smaller

Answer 22

b. Smaller

Question 23

For questions 23-25, match the following structures to their function using answer choices A-E below. You can use those answers once, more than once, or not at all.
23. Sensory-motor relay center
24. Homeostatic regulator
25. Selects appropriate voluntary movements & suppresses incorrect movements
a. Limbic system
b. Hypothalamus
c. Thalamus
d. Cortex
e. Basal ganglia

Answer 23

23. c. Thalamus
24. b. Hypothalamus
25. e. Basal ganglia

Question 24

26. Which kind of glia is most involved in action potential conduction?
    a. Microglia
    b. Astrocytes
    c. Ependymal cells
    d. Oligodendrocytes

Answer 24

d. Oligodendrocytes

Question 25

27. Anticipatory (feedforward) feedback loops do which of the following? (choose the best answer) a. Preemptively buffer the change from set point b. Return to set point after a deviation c. Accentuate (enhance, increase) the change from set point

Answer 25

a. Preemptively buffer the change from set point

Question 26

28. Which type of biomolecule is used for facilitated diffusion? a. nucleic acid b. lipid c. protein d. carbohydrate

Answer 26

c. protein

Question 27

29. Which is hibernation MOST like? a. Torpor b. Sleep

Answer 27

a. Torpor

Question 28

30. Inefficiencies in metabolism are NOT lost as a. Heat b. Waste products c. Water

Answer 28

c. Water

Question 29

31. If there a change in the number of NADH generated during glucose metabolism, which step can you be sure was NOT involved? a. Linking step b. Glycolysis c. Electron transport chain d. Kreb’s cycle

Answer 29

c. Electron transport chain

Question 30

32. Which step of cellular metabolism generates only ATP, not NADH or FADH2? a. Electron transport chain b. Glycolysis c. Kreb’s cycle

Answer 30

a. Electron transport chain

Question 31

33. During hibernation, which of these things is NOT known to occur? a. Increase in Na-K ATPase pump activity (speed) b. Change from glucose to protein as primary energy source c. Body temperature drops below 0 C (below freezing)

Answer 31

b. Change from glucose to protein as primary energy source

Question 32

34. The regular change of hormones during a menstrual cycle is an example of _____ (choose the best answer) a. Positive feedback b. Negative feedback c. Time-dependent set point changes d. Anticipatory (feedforward) feedback

Answer 32

c. Time-dependent set point changes

Question 33

35. A molecule that goes up its concentration gradient without using directly ATP is using what kind of transport? a. Primary active b. Secondary active c. Facilitated diffusion

Answer 33

b. Secondary active

Question 34

36. For a cell with an external lithium (Li+) concentration of 100 mM, an internal Li+ concentration of 10 mM, and a membrane potential of +60 mV, what is the chemical gradient? a. Into the cell b. Out of the cell c. No net movement

Answer 34

a. Into the cell

Question 35

37. For a cell with an external fluoride (F-) concentration of 500 mM, an internal F- concentration of 5 mM, and a membrane potential of -10 mV, what is the electrical gradient? a. Into the cell b. Out of the cell c. No net movement

Answer 35

b. Out of the cell

Question 36

38. For a cell with an external Ca2+ concentration of 200 mM, an internal Ca2+ concentration of 20 mM, and a membrane potential of +50 mV, what is the electrochemical gradient? a. Into the cell b. Out of the cell c. No net movement

Answer 36

a. Into the cell

Question 37

39. For a cell with an external Cl- concentration of 50 mM, and internal Cl- concentration of 50 mM, and a membrane potential of -90 mV, what is the electrochemical gradient? a. Into the cell b. Out of the cell c. No net movement

Answer 37

b. Out of the cell

Question 38

40. For the unknown anion “A-”: if the internal concentration of A- is 10 mM, the external concentration of A- is 5 mM and the membrane potential is +150 mV, what is the electrochemical gradient? a. Into the cell b. Out of the cell c. No net movement

Answer 38

a. Into the cell

Question 39

41. Which of these is NOT a typical characteristic of second messenger systems? a. Amplifies signals b. Uses phosphorylation c. Only used in neurons

Answer 39

c. Only used in neurons

Question 40

42. You have done an experiment that labels Schwaan cells. What system will you be looking at when you see the labeled cells? a. Peripheral nervous system b. Anywhere in the nervous system c. Central nervous system d. No way to know with this information

Answer 40

a. Peripheral nervous system

Question 41

43. Increasing the amount of extracellular Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid around a neuron would most likely result in a. A larger action potential peak b. More vesicle release at a chemical synapse c. A shorter relative refractory period

Answer 41

b. More vesicle release at a chemical synapse

Question 42

44. If you applied a voltage gated Na channel agonist to a neuron, what would you would most likely observe? a. Shorter repolarization (falling) phase b. Shorter absolute refractory period c. Shorter time to reach threshold

Answer 42

c. Shorter time to reach threshold

Question 43

45. All else being equal, which of these would make the membrane resting potential more positive? a. Increasing K+ permeability b. Increasing amount of sodium outside the cell c. Decreasing Cl- permeability

Answer 43

b. Increasing amount of sodium outside the cell

Question 44

46. A patient with a neurological disorder comes into a hospital emergency room with uncontrollable muscle spasms. In order to subdue the spasms a doctor administers a drug that doubles the permeability of K+ in motor neurons relative to the typical cell values below via leakage channels. Calculate the resting potential for the cell after the drug takes effect based on the values provided below, which apply to cells unaffected by the drug. Round your answer to the nearest millivolt. Constants, “normal” values for concentrations and permeability, and equations are at the end of the exam. a. -70 mV b. -77 mV c. -38 mV d. -64 mV e. -85 mV

Answer 44

b. -77 mV

Question 45

47. How will the drug the question above help prevent neurologically generated muscle spasms? a. The hyperpolarized motor neuron is more likely to fire b. The depolarized motor neuron is more likely to fire c. The hyperpolarized motor neuron is less likely to fire d. The depolarized motor neuron is less likely to fire

Answer 45

c. The hyperpolarized motor neuron is less likely to fire

Question 46

48. A patient has a chronic sodium deficiency so severe that their extracellular fluid’s sodium concentration is 1/3 lower than it should be. What is the new equilibrium potential for sodium in this patient’s neurons? a. +62 mV b. +60 mV c. +51 mV d. -51 mV

Answer 46

c. +51 mV

Question 47

49. Which of these are an effect that could happen to the sodium deficient patient in #48 above? a. Initiating action potentials is slower b. Repolarizing action potentials is slower c. Afterhyperpolarization is slower

Answer 47

a. Initiating action potentials is slower

Question 48

50. Which of these is being affected in the sodium deficient patient in #48 above to cause the effect on the action potential? Choose the best, most direct answer a. Na+ driving force b. Voltage-gated Na+ channel function c. Na+ leak channel function d. Na-K ATPase pump function

Answer 48

a. Na+ driving force