Bio 122 > Test # 1 > Flashcards

Test # 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of life and living organisms

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2
Q

What is life?

A

Life is characterized by organization

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3
Q

What is the range of biology as a discipline?

A

Biology ranges from biomolecules and cells to organisms

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4
Q

How does biology fit into other disciplines?

A

Biology overlaps with chemistry

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5
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells arise from pre-existing cells

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6
Q

Why is Cell Theory significant?

A

It explains the cellular basis of all life

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7
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

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8
Q

Why is the Central Dogma significant?

A

It explains how genetic information is expressed

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9
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Change in populations over generations

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10
Q

Why is evolution significant?

A

It explains the diversity and unity of life

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11
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Small-scale changes in allele frequencies within populations

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12
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Large-scale evolutionary changes leading to new species

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13
Q

What is evolutionism?

A

The study and acceptance of evolution as a scientific explanation

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14
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms

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15
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

A diagram showing evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

What is common ancestry?

A

All life shares a common evolutionary origin

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17
Q

What is systematics?

A

The study of biological diversity and relationships

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18
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The naming and classification of organisms

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19
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Classification based on shared derived traits

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20
Q

How do you write a proper Latin name?

A

Genus capitalized

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21
Q

What is the Planetary Boundary Framework?

A

A framework defining limits within which humanity can safely operate

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22
Q

What is biosphere integrity?

A

The health and diversity of ecosystems and species

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23
Q

How is biosphere integrity measured?

A

By extinction rates

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24
Q

What is the current status of biosphere integrity?

A

Beyond safe planetary boundaries

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25
What boundaries should be respected for biodiversity?
Low extinction rates and functioning ecosystems
26
What are main causes of the biodiversity crisis?
Habitat loss
27
Why should Christians care about biodiversity?
Humans are stewards of creation and biodiversity reflects God’s design
28
What is a virus?
A non-cellular obligate intracellular parasite
29
What are viruses made of?
Genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein capsid; sometimes an envelope
30
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria
31
What do bacteriophages look like?
Capsid head
32
What is the Baltimore classification system?
A system classifying viruses by how they produce mRNA
33
Why is the Baltimore system important?
Host ribosomes only translate mRNA
34
How do viruses infect cells?
Attachment
35
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria
36
How do the three domains differ?
Cell structure
37
How do Bacteria and Archaea differ?
Cell wall composition
38
Why are bacteria and archaea significant?
They are abundant
39
What is an extremophile?
An organism that lives in extreme conditions
40
Why study extremophiles?
They reveal limits of life and have biotechnological applications
41
What biological roles do prokaryotes play?
Nutrient cycling
42
How do prokaryotes impact human health?
They can cause disease or provide benefits
43
How do we protect against prokaryote infection?
Hygiene
44
What are Koch’s postulates?
Criteria linking a microbe to a disease
45
Why are Koch’s postulates significant?
They establish causation in disease
46
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Asexual reproduction by binary fission
47
How do prokaryotes acquire carbon and energy?
Autotrophy
48
What are antibiotics?
Drugs that kill or inhibit bacteria
49
What is phage therapy?
Using bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections
50
Why is careful antibiotic use important?
To reduce antibiotic resistance
51
What are superbugs?
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
52
Why is TB significant?
A major global disease with resistant strains
53
Why is the gut microbiome important?
Digestion
54
How do we study bacteria with microscopy?
Visualizing cells and structures
55
What are enrichment cultures?
Cultures designed to favor specific microbes
56
What is metagenomics?
Studying genetic material from environmental samples
57
What is molecular phylogenetics?
Using DNA to study evolutionary relationships
58
How do bacteria exchange genes?
Transformation
59
What is transformation?
Uptake of free DNA
60
What is transduction?
Gene transfer via bacteriophages
61
What is conjugation?
Direct DNA transfer via a pilus
62
How are bacteria classified morphologically?
Size
63
What is Gram-positive bacteria?
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
64
What is Gram-negative bacteria?
Thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane
65
What is a protist?
A eukaryote that is not a plant
66
What are key characteristics of protists?
Eukaryotic
67
Why are protists important?
They affect disease
68
What disease is caused by Plasmodium?
Malaria
69
Why is Plasmodium’s life cycle important?
Targeting stages helps control malaria
70
What causes sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma brucei
71
What caused the Irish potato famine?
Phytophthora infestans
72
What is Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria
73
How do protists eat?
Photosynthesis
74
How do protists move?
Flagella
75
How do protists reproduce?
Asexually and sexually
76
When do protists reproduce sexually?
Under stressful conditions
77
What are haploid stages?
Cells with one set of chromosomes
78
What are diploid stages?
Cells with two sets of chromosomes
79
What is alternation of generations?
Life cycle alternating haploid and diploid stages
80
What are the six protist supergroups?
Archaeplastida
81
What characterizes Archaeplastida?
Photosynthetic
82
What characterizes Amoebozoa?
Pseudopods and cytoplasmic streaming
83
What characterizes Opisthokonta?
Posterior flagellum; related to animals and fungi
84
What characterizes Rhizaria?
Thin pseudopods and mineral tests
85
What characterizes Chromalveolata?
Photosynthetic groups including algae and parasites
86
What characterizes Excavata?
Feeding grooves and diverse metabolism
Bio 122
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