1
Q
What is phonetics?
A
The study of speech sounds and their physical properties.
2
Q
What are the three brances of phonetics?
A
Articulatory, Acoustic, Auditory.
3
Q
What is articulatory phonetics?
A
How speech sounds are physically produced.
4
Q
What is auditory phonetics?
A
How speech sounds are heard and processed.
5
Q
What is acoustic phonetics?
A
The sound waves and physical properties of speech.
6
Q
What is the vocal tract?
A
The anatomy responsible for producing speech sounds.
7
Q
What are segments?
A
Basic speech units classified by place, manner, and voice.
8
Q
What are suprasegmentals?
A
Pitch, stress, and length that affect meaning beyond individual sounds.
9
Q
What is phonology?
A
The study of sound patterns and mental sound representations.
10
Q
What is a minimal pair?
A
Two words that differ by only one sound and have different meanings.
11
Q
What is a phoneme?
A
A sound stored in the mind that changes meaning.
12
Q
What is an allophone?
A
A variation of a phoneme that changes depending on context.
13
Q
What is a natural class?
A
A group of sounds that share phonetic features.
14
Q
What is a syllable made of?
A
Onset, Nucleus (vowel), and Coda
15
Q
What is phonotactics?
A
Rules about which sounds can occur together.
16
Q
What is language?
A
A rule-governed, socially agreed system of symbols used for communication.
17
Q
What are the three components of language?
A
Content (meaning), Form (structure), Use (pragmatics).
18
Q
What is semantics?
A
The meaning of words and sentences.
19
Q
What is morphology?
A
Word formation rules.
20
Q
What is syntax?
A
Sentence formation rules.
21
Q
What is pragmatics?
A
How language is used in social situations.
22
Q
What does “language is creative” mean?
A
Finite rules create infinite sentences.
23
Q
What is communication?
A
Expressing and understanding meaning using shared methods.
24
Q
What are some funcitions of communication?
A
To request, inform, regulate, socialize, persuade, and imagine.
25
What is linguistics?
The study of nature and the use of language.
26
What does parity mean?
All grammars are equal.
27
What does universality mean in linguistics?
All languages share similarities.
28
What does mutability mean?
All languages change over time.
29
What is linguistic competence?
Knowledge of language rules.
30
What is linguistic performance?
How language knowledge is used in real situations.
31
What is a dialect?
A variety of language spoken by a particular group of people
32
What is an accent?
Differences in pronunciation only.
33
What is code switching?
Switching between two languages.
34
What is style shifting?
Switching between formal and informal speech.
35
What is simultaneous bilingual acquisition?
Learning two languages before age of 3.
36
What is successive bilingual acquisition?
Learning a second language after the first.
37
What is the nativist theory?
Language is innate and biologically based.
38
Who is associated with the nativist theory?
Noam Chomsky.
39
What is the empiricist theory?
Language is learned through the environment and interaction.
40
Who is associated with behaviorism?
B.F. Skinner.
41
What are early sounds (0-6 months)?
Crying, cooing, and early babbling.
42
What is reduplicated babbling?
Repeated syllables like "bababa".
43
When do first true words usually appear?
Around 12 months.
44
What are common early phonological processes?
Final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, and fronting.
45
What is phonological awareness?
Awareness of sound structure (rhyming, syllables).
46
What is phonological memory?
Ability to hold sound information in working memory.
47
What is phonological access?
Speed and accuracy of retrieving words.
48
What is language comprehension?
Decoding speech into meaning.
49
What is language production?
Encoding ideas into speech.
50
What brain area is associated with language comprehension?
Wernicke's area
51
What brain area is associated with speech production?
Broca's area
52
What is cross-adoption acquisition, and what are the stages?
When a child is adopted into a family that speaks a different language from the child's first language
Stage 1: Rapid loss of L1
- L1 weakens quickly
- Often lost within 3-6 months
- Child stops using the former vocab and sound system
Stage 2: Phonological reorganization
- Around 8-10 months, the child must: learn new sound systems and adjust to new phonological rules
- Brain reorganizes to match new language
Stage 3: Lag in L2 Development
- Child may temporairly: appear delayed in expressive language and show slower vocabulary growth
- This is expected due to a major language transition.
Stage 4: Catch-Up Phase
- If adopted before age 2, after about 3 years language skills typically resemble monolingual peers
- if adopted later, catch-up may take longer
53
What is successive language acquisition, and what are the stages?
When a child learns a second language after establishing a first language
Stage 1: Use of L1 in L2 environment
- Child continues speaking their L1
- Even when surrounded by the L2
- May rely on gestures if not understood
Stage 2: Nonverbal (Silent) Period
- Child speaks very little in L2
- Focus on comprehension
- Observing and processing new language
- This is normal and expected
Stage 3: Early Production
- Single words
- Short memorized phrases
- High-frequency social phrases ("i dont know", "me too")
- Mostly social language (conversational)
Stage 4: Productive/Creative Use of L2
- Uses L2 in conversation
- Begins using L2 in academics
- Created original sentences
- Takes 3-5 years to fully develop academic language
54
What is simultaneous language acquisition, and what are the stages?
When a child is exposed to two languages before the age of 3, and develops them at the same time.
Stage 1: Two Seperate Lexical Systems (No Overlap)
- Child has 2 vocabularies
- Words from each language are kept seperate
- May use one language with caregiver and the other language with another
Stage 2: Two Lexical Systems and Shared Syntax
- Seperate vocabularies
- child may apply same grammar rules to both languages
- some cross-language influce may occur
Stage 3: Two Seperate Lexical AND Syntactic Systems
- Fully seperate vocab systems
- Fully seperate grammatical systems
- Child understands which rules belong to which language
- Code mixing may occur but is minimal
55
Explain the differences between reduplicated babbling, variegated babbling, and marginal babbling.
Marginal babbling (4-6 months) = sounds speech-like, but isn't fully formed CV Syllables yet (sounds like speech but not clearly repetitive) ("aaah-ba", "mmm-aa")
Reduplicated babbling (6-8 months) = Repition of the same CV syllable over and over ("bababa", "mamama", "dadada")
Variegated babbling (8-10 months) = changed consonants and vowels within the same string (sounds more complex, like having a conversation) ("badaga", "madiba", "dagabu")
56
What is the individual's knowledge of their language system?
Linguistic knowledge
57
What is it if the word shares characters of both vowels and consonants?
Glide - consonant sound that is produced with vowel-like articulation but functions like a consonant in a syllable (/w/, /j/)
58
What is the study of the articulation and perception of phonemes?
Phonetics
59
What is a small puff of air produced with stops called?
Aspiration
60
What is the study of word formations?
Morphology
61
What is the study of mental processes and representations of language called?
Psycholinguistics
62
What are spoken segments called?
Phoneme
63
What is the core of a syllable?
Nucleus
64
Which properties of sounds include pitch, length, and stress?
Suprasegmentals
65
What is the less sonorant segment after the nucleus?
Coda
66
What is it called when all languages share components?
Universality
67
What is pitch that is used to signal a difference in meaning?
Tone
68
What is pitch movement not related to word meaning called?
Intonation
69
Sounds made with a narrow or complete obstruction in the vocal tract are called?
Consonants
70
What is it called when one or more segments combined must include a vowel?
Syllable
71
Individuals use of speech/language?
Linguistic performance
72
An individual speech sound is called?
Segment
73
Segments varying by a single articulatory feature are called?
Minimal pair
74
The study of patterning and organizaition of segments is?
Phonology
75
Specifics to a given language are called?
Particulars
76
What is a single aspect of articulation?
Feature
77
The discriptive study of nature and use of language?
Linguistics
78
Representation of a segment in the mind is?
Phoneme
79
The type of sound made with little o no obstruction in the vocal tract?
Vowel
80
Less sonorant segments before the nucleus?
Onset
81
Nucleus + Optional coda is?
Rhyme
82
Vocables are?
Phonetically consistent forms
83
Words varying by one segment with different meanings are?
Minimal pairs
84
Phonotactices is what?
Set of rules reguarding segment arrangement
85
Recognition and imitation of intonation happens at what developmental age?
6 months
86
Discrimination of sequences of phonemes occures at what developmental age?
6-7 months
87
Phoneme level of phonological awareness occurs at what developmental age?
6-7 Years
88
Discrimination of phonemes occurs at what developmental age?
1 month
89
Syllable level phonological awareness occurs at what developmental age?
4-5 years
90
Comparison of sounds to model; native language specifically occurs at what developemntal age?
8-10 months
91
Preference for vowels occurs at what developmental age?
Birth-6 months
92
What is the correct expressive sequence order?
1. Gooing, cooing, glides, nasals
2. Marginal babbling
3. Reduplicated babbling
4. Variegated babbling
5. First words (monosyllabic /i/, /u/)
6. Loss of devoicing, vowel lengthening, rapid phonemic development
7. Vowels and trills, minimal fricatives
8. Nasal sounds
93
Linguistics vs Psycholinguistics
linguistics is descriptive (study of structure/use of language) psycholinguistics is prescriptive (study language comprehension /production/acquisition/storage & how to fix it)
- Linguistics is the descriptive study of the structure/use of language.
- Psycholinguistics is prescriptive (study language comprehension/production/acquisition/storage & how to fix it)
Psycholinguistics
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