Test 1 Flashcards

Question

Optic disk/blind spot

Answer 1

Bundle of axons exits the eye here, brain fills in info even though you can't see here

Answer 2

aqueous -- fills anterior and posterior chamber, thin Vitreous humor -- fills vitreous chamber, gel like

Answer 3

that illusion where block color gradient doesnt look like the same exact shade throughout the block. youre seeing borders more sharply

Answer 4

cones regenerate faster because open disk, rods vice versa

Answer 5

sensitivity = how easy the photo pigments can be activated acuity = sharpness, how well you can see it inverses -- when one is high, other is low

Answer 6

photopic -- high light --cones scotopic -- low light -- rods

Answer 7

single photon

Answer 8

Myopia -- optic axis too long, cannot make the lens weak enough hyperopia -- optic axis too short, cannot make the lens strong enough amblyopia -- stabismus (eye misallignment) leads to nerual supression, which stops fine tuned vision from happening strabismus -- eye misalignment -- wandering eye or cross eye etc -- that disrips binocular vision, creating double image etc Astigmatism -- cornea or lens is slighly irregular cataract -- clouding of eye that can lead to blindness glaucoma -- intraocular pressure of 3 humor chambers too high, likely form drain blockage, can cause vision loss macular degeneration -- 2 forms, dry and wet. Dry is caused by degeneration in pigment epithelium, wet is caused by overgrowth of blood vessels leaking onto and scarring the pigment epithelium. This causes damage to photo receptors to the macula (fovea + area arround it), leading to blind spots? presbyopia -- lens not elastic with age, same issue as hyperopia

Answer 9

Basically, when put in dark, our eyes have to adapt. The way our rods and cones adapt is different curves, which leads to a "break" in the curve on the thing

Answer 10

happens via lateral inhibition

Answer 11

isnt this just...light waves

Answer 12

intensity of light

Answer 13

responds to certain orientations of bars of light in the receptive field. Simple = stay still, complex = moving bars. TYPE OF FEATURE DETECTOR

Answer 14

Parasol Cells → magno lgn M rgc –.Parvo lgn houses different types of rgc, those measurements stay separated until after v1

Answer 15

scotopic = low light visual system = rods photopic = high light visual system = cones

Answer 16

crosses over

Answer 17

dorsal fin dorsal -- up -- parietal -- where/how ventral -- down -- temporal -- what

Answer 18

aka v-5. in the temporal lobe, but it is part of the dorsal pathway...its just weird like that motion detection (direction and speed)

Answer 19

a type of v1 neuron organization. just what the simple cells are doing

Answer 20

like orientation column, but prefer stimulus from one eye over the other, exists to help us perceive depth

Answer 21

contralateral -- crosses over ipsilateral -- stays on the same side in eye, nasal info goes cotralateral, temporal info goes ispilateral

Answer 22

region of a sensory system that bipolar -- center surround ganglion -- on/off

Answer 23

fovea take up big part of the brain,

Answer 24

Each one (left and right) receives info only from one eye In the thalamus-->then layer 1-2 -- magnocellular layer, motion and luminance layer 3-6 -- color 2,3,5 ipsilateral info 1,4,6, contralateral info

Answer 25

primary visual cortex 1 - columnar organization 2/3 -- binocular disparity layer 4 is the input from the thalamus 4c -- main entry point for visual information sends out information to different layers for things like edges, motion 5-6 -- sending information back to the thalamus

Answer 26

superior = reflex, its own thing, not in thalamus don't need to know inferior colliculus

Answer 27

circadian rhythm, directly above optic chiasm sent by optic nerve

Answer 28

different parts of the same structure nerve --> crosses over at chiasm --> tract

Answer 29

loss of color vision due to damage in v 4

Answer 30

Looked at the brain parts to demonstrate dorsal/ventral pathway object discrimination problem: monkey is shown object, then presented two choice task, reward given for detecting the target problem. Then, lesion part of brain, and see if can detect the target object Landmark discrimination problem: monkey is trained to pick the food under the one next to the cylinder, then lesion brain see if it can still do it.

Answer 31

exposed to carbon monoxide, caused damage to her ventral pathway of her visual processing areas could not recognize what objects were, could not match the orientation of the slot, but could when she was told also

Answer 32

m = red/green parasol = depth (?) bistratified = blue

Answer 33

How the brain resolves ambiguous information/ ambiguity A single neuron may give information that is ambiguous therefore combining signals from many neurons helps determine ‘correct’ perception Perception = based on pattern of activity across a population of neurons

Answer 34

type of neuron arrangement of v1 - the neurons are arranged the same as how they are in the retina, which means that the images that we process onto the retina map onto the brain as the same images

Answer 35

Constant stimuli Adjustment Staircase

Answer 36

Just noticeable difference -- the amount of change in a stimulus it takes to just notice a difference

Answer 37

your perceptual experience on changes in stimuli?

Answer 38

the "s" looking curve that related physical stimulus intensity (x) to our experience of it (y)

Answer 39

Absolute: the minimum *intensity* of the stimulus for us to perceive it Difference: the minimum *change* for us to *perceive a difference*

Answer 40

External noise: variations in physical stimuli strength. Ex: equipment being strange, or noise happening outside the lab that affects your perception Internal noise: variations in biological response within the receptors and neural pathways. Ex: attention span, changes in neurotransmitters released at the synapse

Answer 41

post synaptic potentials. excitatory = go, inhibitory = stop

Answer 42

Potassium -- K+ Sodium -- Na+ Chloride -- Cl - Calcium -- Ca++ Anions -- negative ion protein things Potassium Leak Channel -- potassium just goes through all the time, Potassium Voltage gated channel, Sodium Voltage Gated channel, Sodium Ligand Gated Channel, Chloride Ligand Gated channel, Calcium Voltage Gated Channel

Answer 43

Concentration Gradient: ions want to spread out into space they have available, so the gradient direction is the direction of the space available to push into Potassium: outside cell (but electrical gradient inside cell) Sodium: Inside cell Chloride: Inside cell (but electrical gradient outside cell)

Answer 44

Dendrites: Collect incoming signals from other neurons * Soma/cell body: Where the nucleus resides; integrates information from dendrites * Axon: Nerve fiber extension from soma, allowing communication over long distances * Axon terminals: Contain neurotransmitters, optimized for signal output

Answer 45

When it is at its baseline, it needs to represent that its feeling neutral. By having the baseline be that its firing a little bit, it becomes capable of firing less when it feels less than neutral (aka feels bad)

Answer 46

single dissociation -- look at slides 2 people have damage to 2 different areas of the brain, and they can both do one thing but not the other (ex: one can recognize objects but not faces, and the other vice versa). This will prove the idea of modularity in the brain when it comes to the function that got damaged (as opposed to a different theory that one part of the brain does all of them and that one of the functions is just harder than the other, which could have been the case if it was a single dissociation)

Answer 47

gaba = inhibitory glutamate = mostly excitatory

Answer 48

Human brain has bumps and lumps, a gyrus is any of its bumps, a sulcus is any of the ridges/indentations between gyrus. Gyrus is like a hill, sulcus is like a river indentation

Answer 49

idea that the brain is divided into section that do different things. Mostly true, kind of not, everyone's brain is different

Answer 50

temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital

Answer 51

gray = cell bodies, white = myelinated axons

Answer 52

When the cell is at rest, inside of neuron is more negative than outside of neuron. More potassium inside cell than outside. More sodium + chloride outside cell than inside. Remember -- SALTY BANANA 1.

Answer 53

vision that overlaps from both eyes -- helps us with depth

Answer 54

patient can see stationary objects, but cannot perceive movement

Test 1 Flashcards

(83 cards)