Test 1

Question 1

Describe Locke’s State of Nature

Answer 1

Everyone is equal and free to act WITHIN THE LAW OF NATURE

Question 2

State Locke’s Law of Nature

Answer 2

All men are to preserve peace, protect mankind, and not hurt each other.

Question 3

Contrast Hobbes’ rights in the natural state with Locke’s

Answer 3

Hobbes - no limits

Locke - limited by Natural Law

Question 4

What problems are there in the State of Nature?

Answer 4

Infringement on the rights of others

Partiality in executing the law

Question 5

What is the remedy for the threat of war in the Natural State?

Answer 5

Government/Social Contract

Question 6

What is the purpose of the social contract and government according to Hobbes?

Answer 6

Protection from universal war

Increase our survival chances

Question 7

What is the purpose of the social contract and government according to Locke?

Answer 7

To equally preserve life, freedom, property, and sovereignty of all.

Question 8

After the formation of civil government, what was Hobbes’ greatest fear? What was Locke’s?

Answer 8

Hobbes - Return to the natural state

Locke - Tyranny

Question 9

For Locke, which rights do people give up through the social contract?

Answer 9

Legislative and Executive

Question 10

According to Locke, upon what conditions do we relinquish our (legislative and executive) rights?

Answer 10

Government has to have the goal of max and equal preservation of lives, liberties, and properties.

Question 11

What is the definition of sovereignty?

Answer 11

Supreme power

Question 12

For Locke, after the social contract and the establishment of civil government, who is sovereign?

Answer 12

The people

Question 13

Define the term metaphysics

Answer 13

Study of the ultimate nature of reality and what is outside the realm of experience

Question 14

What are forms or universals, according to Aristotle?

Answer 14

Types, properties, or relations that are IDENTICAL WHEREVER THEY ARE FOUND

Question 15

Do universals vary according to the objects in which they are found?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

How to intellectual universals such as goodness and justice exist in individual objects?

Answer 16

Through action

Question 17

What is Aristotle’s metaphysical position?

Answer 17

Each object is composed of a universal and unique matter. Each object is ultimate reality.

Question 18

What are the three conditions that must be met to determine the ultimate goal or motivation of people?

Answer 18

Self sufficient - even when alone, makes life desirable
Attainable
Final - desired for itself, not for anything beyond

Question 19

What is the only thing that meets all three conditions of the ultimate goal/motivation of people?

Answer 19

Happiness

Question 20

How is happiness obtained, according to Aristotle?

Answer 20

Through a life of reason

Question 21

What is the Greek concept of virtue?

Answer 21

Excellence in performing one’s function

Question 22

What is virtue for people?

Answer 22

Exercising reason

Question 23

What are two kinds of human virtue?

Answer 23

Intellectual and moral

Question 24

What is intellectual virtue? Why does it cause the highest human happiness?

Answer 24

Contemplating the true nature of the world.

It actualizes our capacity to reason.

Question 25

Are moral virtues also obtained by reasoning? If so, is reasoning alone sufficient for moral virtue?

Answer 25

Yes, moral virtues require reasoning to find the golden mean. However, they require action to carry out.

Question 26

What best ensures that we will take just or courageous actions?

Answer 26

Habituation

Question 27

Are our desires or emotions in and of themselves either virtuous or wicked?

Answer 27

No, only our actions matter

Question 28

Specifically, what is moral virtue, according to Aristotle?

Answer 28

Using reason to find the mean between excess and deficiency.

Question 29

Is the golden mean the same for every person?

Answer 29

No, situations and circumstances are always changing.

Question 30

From which two Greek words is the term philosophy composed? What do they mean?

Answer 30

Philos - to love | Sophos - wisdom

Question 31

What is the Socratic Method?

Answer 31

Inquiring about the truth or nature of subjects by asking questions.

Question 32

Describe the Forms (PEC)

Answer 32

Perfect, Eternal, Changeless (PEC) | The only reality

Question 33

Describe the sensible objects of the world

Answer 33

Imperfect copies of the forms

Question 34

How is it possible to comprehend the forms?

Answer 34

Through reasoning

Question 35

What is the specific function of the form human being?

Answer 35

To reason

Question 36

What is required for people to be virtuous and to be happy?

Answer 36

To reason

Question 37

For Plato, what was specifically required to be Just or Courageous?

Answer 37

To know the form Justice or Courage

Question 38

What is immorality, according to Plato?

Answer 38

To be guided by passions or appetite

Question 39

Why are immoral people not happy?

Answer 39

They aren't fulfilling their function; to reason.

Question 40

What did Hobbes call voluntary actions?

Answer 40

Endeavors

Question 41

What are the most important kinds of endeavors?

Answer 41

Desires and Aversions

Question 42

Psychologically, for Hobbes, what is morally good and bad?

Answer 42

Whatever we desire is good, whatever we don't want is bad.

Question 43

What is the definition of egoism?

Answer 43

Self interest is the valid end of all action

Question 44

Describe Hobbes' State of Nature

Answer 44

Nasty, Brutish, and Short

Question 45

What is the primary objective in Hobbes' State of Nature?

Answer 45

Self-Preservation

Question 46

In Hobbes' State of Nature, our desires and aversions are directed toward what purpose?

Answer 46

Self-Preservation

Question 47

Why does Hobbes use the term powers to describe the objects of our desire?

Answer 47

They give us the POWER to survive

Question 48

According to Hobbes, what is the reasonable attitude one should take in the State of Nature?

Answer 48

Total selfishness

Question 49

What rights do people have in the State of Nature, according to Hobbes?

Answer 49

To do ANYTHING necessary to survive

Question 50

What does the term RIGHT mean, according to Hobbes?

Answer 50

Something to which one has a just claim

Question 51

Describe Hobbes' Social Contract

Answer 51

We give up all of our rights to a government, out of selfishness.

Question 52

According to Hobbes, which rights do we give up upon entering the Social Contract?

Answer 52

All of them

Question 53

After the social contract and government, what is morality according to Hobbes?

Answer 53

Whatever the law says

Question 54

Which three ingenious ideas did Hobbes originate?

Answer 54

State of Nature Social Contract Natural Rights

Question 55

Aristotle Extra Credit

Answer 55

If you can not or have not the ability to reason, you are not a human, and morality does not apply to you.

Question 56

Hobbes Extra Credit

Answer 56

The law is morality

Question 57

Locke Extra Credit

Answer 57

Morality is the protection of life, liberty, and property