1
Q
Tendency to reduce individuals to assumed characteristics are essential in every member of category
A
Essentializing
2
Q
Essentializing presumes that…
A
All members of sex are alike
3
Q
A problem with essentializing is that it obscures…
A
The range of individual characteristics
4
Q
Sex, gender, culture and communication are all…
A
Interlinked
5
Q
Designation based on biology
A
Sex
6
Q
_____ or _____ based on external genitalia and internal sex organs
A
Male, female
7
Q
Genitalia and sex markers are determined by…
A
Chromosomes
8
Q
T/F
Males more sensitive to hormonal activity than females
A
True
9
Q
Biology influences how we develop but doesn’t determine what 2 things?
A
- ) Behavior
2. ) Personality
10
Q
Socially constructed and expressed
A
Gender
11
Q
- A person’s perception of one’s own sex
- Neither innate nor necessarily stable
- Defined by society
- Varies across cultures
- Varies over time
A
Gender Identity
12
Q
Gender is…
A
Learned
13
Q
3 things that Western culture classifies people by
A
- ) Sex
- ) Gender
- ) Sexual orientation
Assumed connections between these categories
14
Q
Preference for romantic and sexual partners
A
Sexual orientation
15
Q
Person who fits conventional categories (What is considered “normal”)
A
“Cis” prefix
16
Q
Cross from gender identity assigned at birth
A
“Trans” prefix
17
Q
Refers to individuals who feel that their biologically assigned sex doesn’t match their true sexual identity
A
Transgender
18
Q
Individuals have had surgery and/or hormonal treatments to make their bodies more closely match the sex with which they identity
A
Transsexual
19
Q
MTF
A
Post-transition males to females
20
Q
FTM
A
Post-transition females to males
21
Q
- Enjoy wearing clothing of other sex
- May wear just one or two articles of clothing associated with other sex
- May wear other sex’s clothes to express gender identities inconsistent with their sex
- Majority are heterosexual males
A
Cross-dressers/trasvestites
22
Q
Structures, institutions practices that reflect and uphold social order
A
Culture
23
Q
Western culture is…
A
Patriarchal
24
Q
2 levels of communication
A
- ) Content level of meaning
2. ) Relationship level of meaning
25
Literal meaning
Content level of meaning of communication
26
Defines the relationship between communicators by indicating each person's identity and the communicators' relationship to each other
Relationship level of meaning of communication
27
T/F
The relationship level of meaning is the primary level of communication
True
28
Symbols are what 3 things?
1. ) Abstract
2. ) Arbitrary
3. ) Ambiguous
29
Way to describe, explain, predict relationships among phenomena
Theory
30
4 types of gender theories
1. ) Biological
2. ) Interpersonal
3. ) Cultural
4. ) Critical
31
Biological characteristics such as what 3 things account for gender differences?
1. )Chromosomes
2. ) Hormonal activities
3. ) Brain specialization
32
2 focuses of biological theories
1. ) Sex chromosomes
| 2. ) Hormonal acitivty
33
Which chromosome is more of a multitasker?
X- carries a large number of genes
34
Which chromosome evolves faster than others?
Y
35
- Primarily female
- Produce good cholesterol
- Blood vessels more flexible
- Strengthens immune system
Estrogen
36
- Primarily male
- Drug use leads to violent behavior
- Levels decrease when a male becomes a father
Testosterone
37
______ influence skills and tendencies
Hormones
38
T/F
Girls favor trucks if mother had high levels of testosterone during pregnancy
True
39
Males given estrogen experience what 2 things?
1. ) Decline in spatial skills
| 2. ) Increase in verbal skills
40
Men sprayed with ______ show more empathy and sensitivity
Oxytocin
41
- Focus on how chromosomes, hormones and brain structure affect physiology, thinking and behavior
- Biological factors influence abilities and options
- Biology is edited by environmental factors
Biological theories of gender
42
3 theories of Interpersonal theories of gender
1. ) Psychodynamic theory
2. ) Social learning theory
3. ) Cognitive development theory
43
Emphasizes interpersonal relationships within the family
Psychodynamic theory
44
The _____ relationship influences how we define our identity, including gender
First
45
Infants follow distinct _______ paths that reflect relationship with mother
Developmental
46
Lean by imitating others and getting responses to behavior
Social learning theory
47
Children imitate communication seen in what 2 forms?
1. ) Media
| 2. ) Others
48
Behaviors that are_____ are reinforced
Rewarded
49
Cognitive development theory covers what 3 aspects?
1. ) Children play active role in developing gender identity
2. ) Pick models to teach themselves competency in masculine/feminine behavior
3. ) Children go through several stages in developing identities
50
Internal mental framework that organizes perceptions and directs behavior related to gender
Gender schema (organizes clothes, toys, activities, traits, and roles appropriate for each sex)
51
Views of gender in 21st century America clarified by considering how other _____ express gender
Culture
52
T/F
Many societies view gender the same as Americans currently do
False - they view it differently
53
Through communication with others we learn who we are
Symbolic interactionism
54
Set of expected behaviors and values associated with them
Role
55
Direct attention to structures by which societies classify people
Critical theories
56
Critical theories interested in how...
Dominant gorups privilege own interests and impose on less powerful
57
Through critical theories we can understand how oppressed groups can,..
Become empowered
58
Critical theories have _____ ______
Political edge
59
Societies are made of different groups that have varied amounts of power and privilege
Standpoint theory
60
Social location is not....
Standpoint
61
How is standpoint earned?
Through critical reflection and engaging in struggle
62
Can inform all about how society operates
Marginalized
63
T/F
We all occupy multiple social locations and can earn or develop multiple standpoints that overlap and interact
True
64
Standpoint theory helps us understand gender by pointing out how membership in particular groups, shapes individuals'.... (4 things)
1. ) Experiences
2. ) Perspectives
3. ) Identities
4. ) Abilities
65
Critique of conventional categories of identity and culture views of normal and abnormal (heternormativity)
Queer performative theory
66
Queer does not refer only to ___ and ____
Gays and Lesbians
67
Refers to anything that departs from what society considers normal
Queer
68
Identities are not ____ they are...
Fixed
| Relatively fluid
69
_____ and _____ may explain higher instances of female athletic injuries
Socialization and biology
70
Rhetorical women's movements have occurred in how many waves in the U.S.?
3
71
What 2 ideologies have informed?
1. ) Liberal feminism
| 2. ) Cultural feminism
72
Women and men are alike and equal
Liberal feminism
73
Women and men are fundamentally different, should have different rights, roles, and opportunities
Cultural feminism
74
Activism is aimed at...
Enlarging women's political rights
75
First wave with liberal ideology happened when?
1840
76
Lucretia Coffin Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others organized the....
Seneca Falls Convention
77
Initially there were strong links between what group and the women's rights group?
Abolitionists
78
Why were the ties between the abolitionists and the women's rights activists dissolved?
Abolitionists became convinced voting rights for black men had to precede women's suffrage
79
T/F
Many black women thought the women's movement was inclusive of black and white women's circumstances
False - they thought it focused on white women's circumstances
80
- 1800s: most women did not ally with women's rights movements
- True ideal of womanhood to be domestic
- Believed that women and men not alike
The cult of domesticity
81
______ movement tried to prevent women from voting
Antisuffrage
82
When did women win the right to vote?
1920
83
Activism in the first wave was focused on....
World wars - women joined labor force to support war effort however their opportunities shrank post-war
84
The second wave of women's movements started when?
1963
85
What kind of feminism emerged in the second wave first?
Radical feminism
86
Radical feminism
- Also called women's liberation movement
| - Grew out of New left politics
87
Radical feminism protested...
Vietnam war
88
New Left men treated women as _____
Subordinates
89
In 1964 and 1965 women in several New Left groups challenged....
Sexism in the New Left - males were unresponsive
90
Groups used for communication in radical reminism
Rap groups/consciousness-raising groups
91
Rap groups/consciousness-raising groups
- Discussed personal experiences
- Linked personal experiences with larger social and political structures
- Committed to equality
92
2 techniques radical feminism used to call attention to oppression of women
1. ) Relied on revolutionary analysis
| 2. ) Used high-profile public events
93
Advocates women's equality in all spheres
Liberla feminism
94
The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan
95
White, middle-class women had...
No opportunities outside of the home
96
NOW found in 1966 for women advocated for what 4 things?
1. ) Political equality
2. ) Professional equality
3. ) Education equality
4. ) Women's rights
97
Founded by black women
Womanism
98
Compared to whites, black women are....
- More often single
- Have more children
- Paid less
- Have more financial responsibility for family
99
Womanists aim to reform social services by what 4 things?
1. ) Response to poor women
2. ) Increase job training
3. ) Increase job opportunities
4. ) Improve material conditions
100
What happened in 1997
Million Woman March
101
Million Woman March was...
- Not celebrities
- Women who worked unglamorous jobs
- Women who lived outside the spotlight
102
Gender does not have a universal meaning and affects lives as a result of 4 different things
Multiracial feminism
103
Multiracial feminism is affected by what 4 things?
1. ) Race
2. ) Economic class
3. ) Sexual orientation
4. ) Gender Identity
104
See connection between domination of women and domination of nature (Mother Earth)
Ecofeminists
105
Society does not oppress women, women have power to control what occurs
Power feminism (1990's)
106
Says beliefs that they are victims hold women back
Wolf (1993)
107
Power feminism ignores difference between ____ a victim and taking on the _____ of a victim
Being
| Identity
108
Power feminism is mainly made up of women who are...
Comfortable, successful, educated,and life in safe neighborhoods
109
Communities where women live independently of men and where feminine values can flourish
Separatism
110
3 characteristics of separatism
1. ) See little hearing in patriarchal culture
2. ) Exit mainstream society
3. ) Exercise little political influence
111
Focus on appreciating women's traditional activities and contributions, draws on standpoint theory
Revalorism
112
How does Revalorism portray women?
As more nurturing, supportive, cooperative, and life-giving
113
Women's return to traditional attitudes, values, and roles advocated by Morgan's "Total Woman Movement" (1973) and Adelin's "Fascination Womanhood Movement" (1975)
Antifeminist activism in the second wave
114
Who supported the antifeminist activism in the second wave?
Women who were economically dependent and embraced conservative values
115
- Response to fight to ratify Equal Rights Amendment
- Schlafy spokesperson to this movement
- She believed that feminism was destroying femininity, urging women to be more like men
- Movement was successful
STOP ERA movement (1970's)
116
T/F
Many 2nd wave movements are inacitve
False- many are still active
117
Draws from multiple branches of second wave feminism and especially from radical and multiracial feminism
3rd wave
118
Recognize that women differ in many ways, including race, class, sexual orientation, body shape and size and (dis)ability
Intersectionality - figuring how to speak for group while recognizing differences, must be addressed holistically
119
Reforms won by 2nd movement are....
Not woven into everyday life
120
Sexism is often more ____ today which motivates the third wavers to embrace grassroots organizing
Subtle
121
Women are so different there can be no collective political agenda, each woman defines feminism on her own terms
Individualism
122
Many feminists suggest that antifeminist claims are..
Misrepresentations and exaggerations
123
- Emerged in 1960's
- Some in New Left agreed with women's criticism
- Worked to bring attitudes and behavior in line with egalitarian ideology
- Joined forces with women to work for women's rights
Profeminist Men' Movements
124
2 distinct foci of the profeminist men's movements
1. ) Related to women
| 2. ) Related to men
125
4 things profeminist men endorsed
1. ) Equal pay for equal work
2. ) Hiring and promoting women
3. ) Increase in parental leave
4. ) Affordable child care
126
- Criticize commonly accepted attitudes or actions
| - Engage in personal persuasion
Strategy of traitorous identity
127
T/F
Profeminist Men's Movements encourages men to be more sensitive, caring, open, able to engage in meaningful relationships with others
True
128
NOMAS
National Organization for Men Against Sexism
129
What is NOMAS?
Workshops to expand men's awareness of ways emotional development hindered and helping men change by offering guidance in becoming more sensitive
130
- Violence against women not just a "women's issue"
- Majority of violence against women enacted by men
- Prevention of violence a men's issue
Men's antiviolence groups
131
International group - founded 1991 in Canada (in response to Montreal Massacre)
The White Ribbon Campaign
132
What does The White Ribbon Campaign do?
- Present antiviolence workshops
- Encourage men to take responsibility for stopping violence
- Speak out against violence
- Talk with other men about issue
- Physical and emotional violence
- No male bashers
133
The program aims to educate men about socialization that links violence to masculinity
Mentors in violence prevention
134
MVP aims to use power of ______ _______ to teach that aggression and violence are linked to views of masculinity and call attention to the role of bystanders in preventing violence
Peer influence
135
Masculinist Men's Groups
- Men suffer from discrimination because of their sex
- Need to reclaim manliness
- Ignore or denounce gay men
136
Conservative branch of men's movement and want to restore traditional roles of men and women
Men's Rights
137
Men's rights include what 3 groups?
1. ) MR, Inc.
2. ) National Coalition for Free Men
3. ) NOM
138
Free men want to regain...
Place as heads of families
139
The Men's Rights Movement believes that status...
Should not be tied to breadwiner role
140
T/F
The Men's Rights Movement condemns feminist men and women
True
141
Father's Rights Groups include...
1. ) American Coalition for Fathers
2. ) Fathers and Families
3. ) Children and Dads against discrimination
142
1980s-1990s and was founded by Bly, aims to foster personal growth bonding and rediscover mythic roots of masculine thinking and feeling
Mythopoetic Men
143
Mythopoetic Men views depart from ______ men
Profeminist
144
What does the Mythopoetic Men blame for men's emotional deficits
Feminism
145
Mythopoetics urge men to...
Recover distinctly male mode of feeling
146
Mythopoetic Men hold workshops and nature retreats that do what 4 things
1. ) Gather in woods
2. ) Beat drums and chant
3. ) Listen to poetry and stories
4. ) Help get in touch with father hunger and move toward positive masculine feelings
147
- 1990: McCartney and Wardell
- Idea of filling stadium with Christian men
- Connection to commandments
- Urges men to be leaders of their families
Promise Keepers
148
7 goals Promise Keepers
1. ) Honor Jesus
2. ) Pursue male relationships
3. ) Practice purity
4. ) Build strong families
5. ) Support church
6. ) Reach beyond barriers
7. ) Influence world for good
149
Promise Keepers reservation from others:
- Women can't attend meetings (men should lean only on each other)
- Efforts to broaden membership and soften rhetoric
150
Many African American men felt men's movements didn't fit lives (1995) Farrakhan (leader of Islam Nation)
The Million Man March
151
The goal of the Million Man March...
Black men of all backgrounds atone for sins and reconcile
152
Aspects of the Million Man March (5)
1. ) Pledge spiritual transformation and political action
2. ) Register to vote
3. ) Fight drugs
4. ) Against unemployment and violence
5. ) Recommit to wives and families
6. ) Active in churches and communities
153
Multifaceted effort to stimulate national conversation about what it means to be a good man today
The Good Men Project
154
The Good Men Project aspects (2)
- Groups that work with at-risk boys
| - The book "the good men project" is collection of stories by 31 men from varied backgrounds
Gender Communication
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
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