1
Q
characteristics of living things
A
highly organized metabolism/energy use homeostasis sensation/response reproduction/development adaptation
2
Q
order of living things
A
subatomic particle -> atoms -> molecules -> organelles -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> biosphere
3
Q
photosynthesis equation
A
light + H20 + CO2 -> O2 + glucose
LEAVES
4
Q
cellular respiration equation
A
O2 + glucose -> CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
5
Q
homeostasis
A
maintaining relationship between inside and outside (staying the same)
6
Q
chemoreceptors
A
detect toxins
response= taxis/chemotaxis (increases welfare by moving in opposite direction)
7
Q
adaptation
A
ability to change in response to environment (long term or short term)
8
Q
short term adaptation
A
behavioral response:
genetic variation
natural selection
takes time
9
Q
long term adaptation
A
extinction or evolution (Grand Unifying Theory–GUT)
10
Q
autotroph
A
feeds itself
11
Q
heterotroph
A
feeds by eating other things
12
Q
structures plant cells have
A
cell wall and cell membrane
13
Q
structures plant cells don’t have
A
nervous system, endocrine system, and excretory system
14
Q
protoplast
A
membrane and its contents
15
Q
rough ER
A
ribosomes attached
proteins formed here
everything made against a membrane
16
Q
smooth ER
A
lipids made here
everything made against a membrane
17
Q
mitochondria
A
powerhouse of cell (make ATP/energy)
18
Q
where are mitochondria most prevalent
A
animals: muscle cells
plants: where things are made
19
Q
semi-autonomous (mitochondria)
A
have their own DNA so they control their own replication
have bacterial ribosomes so they can control their own protein synthesis
20
Q
endosymbiont theory
A
larger bacteria engulfed smaller bacteria and kept it
21
Q
3 kinds of plastids
A
chloroplast
chromoplast
leukoplast
22
Q
chloroplast
A
semi-autonomous:
more conservative
for the most part they replicate themselves
thylakoid found here
23
Q
thylakoid
A
contain pigments of photosynthesis
24
Q
photosystem
A
200-300 pigments working together
energy sent inward
25
chlorophyll A
one in the middle
| bright green
26
accessory pigments
surround chlorophyll A
27
chlorophyll B
dark green
28
carotenoids
yellow, orange, or red
29
chromoplast
have inner membrane and no outer membrane
only have carotenoids (Y, O, R)
appear when chloroplast lose chlorophyll and accessory pigments
30
leukoplast
no internal structure and no pigments
| involved in synthesis of starch (amyloplasts)
31
2 kinds of microbodies
peroxisomes and glyoxisomes
32
peroxisomes
enzymes inside attack peroxides which are toxic to the plant and must be killed immediately
33
glyoxisomes
found in seeds
| convert fat to carbohydrates (needed for germination)
34
Vacuole
largest organelle!!
fluid filled sac with outer membrane (tonoplast)
filled with cell sap
35
cell sap
stored ions, H2O, and other things
| some is specialized (citric acid=citrus fruits)
36
anthocyanins
blue/purple
| antioxidants (found in anything purple or blue)
37
golgi complex
repackages things and sends them out to be released out of cell wall
38
cellulose
chain of glucose
39
matrix composition
pectin, lignin, cutin, and suberin
40
pectin
provides bend
41
lignin
provides strength (like metal rod)
42
cutin
waxy (on top of leaves to make water roll off)
43
petiole
gives plant flex
44
suberin
like cork (water can't penetrate)
45
middle lamella
spaces between 2 connected cells
46
plasmodesmata
opening in middle lamella connecting 2 cells
47
secondary cell wall found in:
plants that produce wood
48
ground tissues
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
49
parenchyma
forms masses of plant
capable of division
isodiametric in shape
can be specialized
50
chlorenchyma
specialized for photosynthesis
| has chloroplast around edges
51
resin
used for sealing wounds
| sticky
52
copal
used to make fire
| smells good/repells mosquitos
53
chicle
originally used to make gum
54
collenchyma
elongated parenchyma cells
| in the stem of a growing tree
55
sclerenchyma
found in specialized areas
| fibers or sclereids
56
fiber
long and skinny
57
sclereids
short and stout
| extremely thick secondary cell walls (shell of nut)
58
vascular tissue systems
xylem and phloem
59
xylem
carries water and minerals up
"tracheary elements"
made of fibers adapted to movement of water
60
vessel elements
more efficient movement of water can move through these
61
phloem
"sieve elements"
sieve plate
flow of materials from top to bottom
62
sieve plate
allows water to pass through
63
companion cells
provide energy in form of ATP to push sugars through/out
64
dermal tissue
open when turgor pressure is increased
| help with release and intake of molecules
65
trichome
hairs that keep insects away and reflect light
66
nettles
long sharp trichomes filled with histimines (cause swelling and itching)
67
root functions
anchorage to ground
absorption
conduction (up through xylem to leaves for photosynthesis)
storage
68
root systems
taproot
fibrous root
adventitious root
69
taproot
leaves above ground with single large root (carrots)
70
fibrous root
tiny little roots below ground with lots of leaves above ground
71
adventitious
roots growing where they don't usually (from leaves or branches that touch ground)
72
root specializations
```
storage
prop roots
pneumatophores
clinging
aerial
haustorial
```
73
storage
carrots are roots modified for storage
74
prop roots
extra root along stem that help prop it up (corn)
75
pneumatophores
roots going above and below the water surface level
76
clinging
attach to bricks and cling to them
77
aerial
roots hanging from epiphytes on branch of tree
78
haustorial roots
parasitic
| go into tree phloem and suck out nutrients (missletoe)
79
lateral roots
branches of root system
80
root cap
protects and detects gravity
81
meristem
region of dividing cells
| where new cells are formed
82
elongating cells
push roots farther towards earth
83
root hairs
how water and minerals get in
84
3 leaf arrangements
alternate, opposite, and whorled
85
alternate
leaves in spiral around stem which keeps leaves from blocking photons from other stems
86
opposite
2 leaves coming from 1 node (1 on each side of stem)
87
whorled
3+ leaves coming from one node (all have a bud)
88
simple blade/simple leaf
one leaf on petiole
89
compound blade/compound leaf
multiple leaves coming from petiole
| pinnately or palmately compound
90
difference between pinnately and opposite
pinnately has 1 bud
| opposite has 2 buds
91
dicot venation
netted venation (either pinnately or palmately netted)
92
pinnately netted
1 main vein with many sub veins
93
palmately netted
many main veins
94
monocot venation
sessile blade with parallel venation
95
leaf abscission
leaves fall off of trees in the fall and winter
96
chlorophyll reaction to temp. change
very sensitive to temp. change. taken down and stored in roots after being broken down
97
bundle scars
suberin laid down on scar to seal and protect against pathogens and other harmful things when bundle sheath falls off
98
leaf modifications
bud scales, cotyledons, flower parts, spines, tendrils, water storage, flotation, carnivory
99
bud scales
modified leaves to protect delicate tissues of meristem (protect what's inside)
100
cotyledons
"seed leaf"
| leaf modified to store nutrients needed for germination
101
flower parts
leaves modified for reproduction
102
spines
leaves modified for protection (necessary in desert)
103
tendrils
leaves/parts of leaves used for climbing (to help seek sunlight)
104
water storage
succulents (store water in leaves and wilt as they lose water)
105
flotation
open air spaces to help leaves float
106
carnivory
modified to eat insects
live in places with few nutrients and limited nitrogen
digest chitin of exoskeleton (full of nitrogen)
107
4 main functions of stems
support
conduction (water and minerals conducted through stem)
production of new tissue
storage (store carbohydrates)
108
types of meristems
apical and lateral
109
apical meristem
found in all plants
found toward end of root and stems
increase length of plant part with division
primary growth
110
lateral meristem
increase girth of plant (fatter and sturdier)
woody plants
secondary growth
111
modifications of stems
xerophytes
rhizomes
stolon/runner
bulb
112
xerophytes
adapted to dry conditions (stems do photosynthesis and store water)
113
rhizomes
underground connection
114
stolon/runner
above ground connection
115
bulb
below ground (onion)
116
3 ways of protection
thorn
spine
prickle
117
thorn
stem
118
spine
leaf
119
prickle
trichome
120
vascular cambium
gives us wood
| thick walled vessels to carry water
121
2 parts of vascular cambium
fasicular cambium and interfasicular cambium
122
cork
gives us bark
123
heartwood
middle non functioning part
124
sapwood
outer functioning part
125
fusiform initials
xylem rings
126
ray initials
cells going out from middle
| carry waste to the center
127
what makes rings appear
contrast between the years spring wood and summer wood
128
dendrochromology
record of climate patterns on tree rings
129
transverse cut
straight up and down cut
| see rings with rays going outward
130
tangential cut
"plain-sawn wood"
cheaper and used in construction
parabola look
131
radial cut
"quarter-sawn wood"
more expensive and used for furnishing
vertical lines with small perpendicular lines
132
periderm/bark layers
phloem, phelloderm, phellogen, phellum
133
easiest way to hurt tree
hurt bark
134
phelloderm
alive
135
phellogen
same thing as cork cambium
136
phellum
dead
| water repellent and tough
137
lenticels
found under stomata
become stomate of woody plant
allow gasses across
oriented side to side
BIO 204
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