Test 1

Question 1

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Answer 1

Discovered nerve growth factors that influence the growth of nerve cells.

Question 2

Ectoderm

Answer 2

epidermal tissue and nervous system

Question 3

Mesoderm

Answer 3

muscle, bone blood, urogenital

Question 4

Endoderm

Answer 4

Interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs

Question 5

Pluripotency

Answer 5

• All 3 germ layers
• No placenta

ex: iPSCs

Question 6

Totipotency

Answer 6

• All 3 germ layers + placenta

ex: cells within

Question 7

Multipotency

Answer 7

• Can differentiate into specific cell types

ex: blood stem cell, mesenchymal stem cells

Question 8

Urodeles

Answer 8

• Unmatched in regenerative capacities. Can regenerate entire limb within 7-10 week
• Unable to trace lineage of blastemas

Question 9

Blastema

Answer 9

-Mass of morphologically undifferentiated, proliferating progenitor cells

Question 10

Amphibians

Answer 10

-Different life stages allow for study of signaling pathways in the loss and regain in regenerative abilities

Question 11

Zebrafish

Answer 11

• fin rays produce blastema

- transgenic lines indicate reserve progenitor cell that forms blastema

Question 12

Planarian (Flatworm)

Answer 12

• Possess derivatives of all 3 germ layers

- Display astonishing regenerative abilities (recruit neoblasts)

Question 13

IVF

Answer 13

• In vitro fertilization

- Day 5 embryos allows for prediction of “viable” based on morphology

Question 14

Sources of ESC

Answer 14

• Derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst, prior to implantation
• 400,000 - 1 million embryos frozen in U.S.

Question 15

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

Answer 15

• Totipotent/Pluripotent Cells
• Replicate indefinitely
• Graft vs. host disease in transplants
• Can form tumors

Question 16

ESCs Pros & Cons

Answer 16

Pros: Toxicology studies, gene expression, epigenetic profiles
Cons: Immunosuppression, cancer, engraftment, quality control

Question 17

Shinya Yamanaka

Answer 17

• Found genes used for induction of pluripotency
• Mouse model
• OCT3/4, SOX2, C-myc, Klf4

Question 18

Nanog-selected iPS cells

Answer 18

• Expressed all markers and characteristics
• Chimera formation when injected into blastocysts
• 20% of the mice developed tumors

Question 19

Creating iPS cells

Answer 19

1) Packaging cells produce virus, which is modified with four different genes
2) Gene and virus are mixed together, human skin cells then “infected”
3) Cells with similar properties to ES cells can be identified

Question 20

Protein induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Answer 20

Advantages: No use of viruses, no genetic disruption
Disadvantages: Low efficiency

Question 21

iPS Cells for DEB

Answer 21

iPS derived keratinocytes corrects Type VII Collagen expression in skin

Question 22

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Answer 22

• Pluripotent stem cell directly generated from somatic cell
• Pioneered by Yamanaka in 2006
• patient matched
• blood lymphocytes converted
• low efficiency
• safety risks
• tumorigenicity

Question 23

(YAMANAKA)4 Genes encode for transcription factors that induced pluripotency in mice

Answer 23

MYC, OCT/35, SOX2 and Kl4

-retroviral system

Question 24

James Thomas

Answer 24

-first to derive human embryonic stem cells

Question 25

(THOMAS)4 Genes encode for transcription factors that induced pluripotency in humans

Answer 25

OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28 | -lentiviral system

Question 26

Risks of retroviral gene transfer

Answer 26

-Safety risk due to random integrations of retroviruses -Impossible to treat dominant forms of diseases -Uncontrolled expression of COL7A1 (throughout epidermis) = tumor

Question 27

Cancer develops when....

Answer 27

... cells lose normal | restraints on division and migration.

Question 28

Cell division is controlled by ________ | and ________ growth regulators

Answer 28

-positive and negative

Question 29

A _______ percentage of cancers are the result of inherited gene mutations.

Answer 29

small

Question 30

Cancer Stem Cells

Answer 30

- Rare - tumorigenic, Within tumors - Self-renew and differentiate to drive tumorigensis - only 0.01 - 0.1% of tumor cells can differentiate

Question 31

Properties shared by normal stem cells and cancer stem cells

Answer 31

1) Assymetric Division | 2) Regulated by similar pathways

Question 32

Two General Models for Cancer Heterogeneity

Answer 32

1. All cancer cells are potential cancer stem cells but have a low probability of proliferation in clonogenic assays 2. Only a small definable subset of cancer cells are cancer stem cells that have the ability to proliferate indefinitely.

Question 33

Seed and Soil Hypothesis

Answer 33

``` Tumors are biologically heterogeneous and contain subpopulations of cells with different angiogenic, invasive, and metastatic properties. -"heterogeneous and differentiate" ```

Question 34

iPSC

Answer 34

- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells | - can be derived from adult tissue

Question 35

Stevens and Little

Answer 35

-Neoplastic mouse cells give rise to differentiated cells and undifferentiated cells

Question 36

Pierce and Dixon

Answer 36

-Neoplastic mouse cells are analogous to human embryos.

Question 37

Evans

Answer 37

“The possibility, therefore, of obtaining a strain of cells in tissue culture which may become determined to differentiate in a variety of alternative ways is very attractive.”