1
Q
level 1 of biological organization (smallest)
A
atoms
2
Q
level 2 of biological organization
A
molecules
3
Q
level 3 of biological organizations
A
cells
4
Q
level 4 of biological organization
A
tissues
5
Q
level 5 of biological organization
A
organs
6
Q
level 6 of biological organization
A
organ systems
7
Q
level 7 of biological organization
A
organisims
8
Q
level 8 of biological systems
A
populations
9
Q
level 9 of biological organizations
A
communities
10
Q
level 10 of biological organization
A
ecosystems
11
Q
level 11 of biological organization (biggest)
A
biosphere
12
Q
1st property of life
A
order
13
Q
2nd property of life
A
cells
14
Q
3rd property of life
A
growth and development
15
Q
4th property of life
A
energy processing
16
Q
5th property of life
A
regulation
17
Q
6th property of life
A
response to the environment
18
Q
7th property of life
A
reproduction
19
Q
8th property of life
A
evolution
20
Q
Homeostasis
A
the process of keeping internal conditions such as temperature constant in an organism.
21
Q
Three domains of living organisms
A
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
22
Q
Eukaryotic cells
A
larger, more complex, have a nucleus, and have membrane-bound organelles
23
Q
Prokaryotic cells
A
smaller, simpler, lack a nucleus, and lack all organelles besides ribosomes.
24
Q
step 1 of the scientific method
A
observe
25
step 2 of the scientific method
question
26
step 3 of the scientific method
hypothesis
27
step 4 of the scientific method
predict
28
step 5 of the scientific method
experiment
29
Hypothesis
a proposed explanation for a set of observations. an idea that you can test that is falsifiable.
30
Experimental variable
what is being manipulated by the experimenters.
31
control group
lacks or does not receive the specific factor being tested
32
theory
a comprehensive and well-sustained explanation. Happens when several hypothesizes come to the same conclusion.
33
Element
a substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by ordinary means.
34
atom's three components
Proton (positive) , neutron (neutral) , and electrons (negative)
35
proton
positive charge
36
neutron
neutral charge
37
electron
negative charge
38
A proton and a neutron make up the...
nucleus of the atom
39
where are electrons found
orbiting the nucleus of the atom.
40
atomic number
equals the number of protons or electrons
41
an element's atomic mass
equals the number of its protons plus its number of neutrons
42
ion
an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, acquiring an electrical charge
43
ionic bond
the attraction between oppositely charged ions
44
covalent bond
when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. the strongest bond. holds atoms together in a molecule.
45
chemical reactions
make or break chemical bonds to form new substances.
46
polar molecule
a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge that creates two poles, one positive pole and one negative pole.
47
What is water
a polar molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
48
water's properties
high specific heat, good solvent, cohesive and adhesive, and ice floats.
49
hydrophillic
water-loving
50
hydrophobic
water-fearing
51
hydrophobic molecules
Non-polar molecules that repel the water molecules.
52
hydrophilic molecules
molecules forming ionic or a hydrogen bond with the water molecule
53
acidic solutions
54
basic solution
55
pH scale
56
buffers
molecules that minimize changes in pH in an organisim
57
four major classes of large molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
58
Polymers
large molecules that are composed of smaller subunits (monomers)
59
Monomers
small subunits that compose large molecules, polymers.
60
dehydration reaction
two subunits are covalently bond to each other through the loss of a water molecule
61
hydrolysis
A molecule of water is added to break the covalent bond and disassembles into subunits.
62
organic molecules
contain both carbon and hydrogen
63
inorganic molecules
do not contain carbon atoms
64
carbohydrates include
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
65
what is the function of disaccharides
to store energy
66
polysaccharide
67
two main types of polysaccharides
storage and structural
68
storage polysaccharides
plants- starch. animals- glycogen
69
structural polysaccharides
cellulose. occurs in the tough walls that enclose plant cells.
70
fats
function in energy storage
71
phospholipids
function in cell membranes
72
steroids
function in cell communication
73
make up fat
two different types of molecules: fatty acids and glycerol.
74
what bond joins fatty acids to gylcerol
covalent bonds. they are formed by dehydration reactions.
75
molecular structure of a phospholipid
composed of a hydrophilic "head" and two hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid "tails"
76
steroid structure
a carbon skeleton with four fused rings
77
protein structure
made up of chains of amino acids. configured in a 3-D shape. One difference in structure is enough to cause the protein to fold in a different shape, which alters its function, which in turn causes disease.
78
peptide bonds
protein is amino acids joined together by ________ _____, in dehydration reactions.
79
denaturation
when a protein unravels and loses its normal conformation. this can happen in response to changes in the physical and chemical conditions in the environment. (temperature or pH)
80
two types of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
81
DNA and RNA
holds genetic material and programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide/ protein production.
82
nucleic acids
made of nucleotides. DNA has two strands of nucleotides, RNA has one.
83
nucleotides structure
have a phosphate group, a base, and a sugar (deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA).
84
organisims
composed of one or more cells
85
all cells...
are surrounded by a plasma membrane, use DNA to store genetic material, contain cytoplasm, and obtain energy and nutrients from their environment.
86
plasma membrane
a semipermeable membrane that separates the living cell from the non-living surroundings. composed of a phospholipid bilayer with a diversity of proteins in the membrane as well as cholesterol molecules within the membrane.
87
proteins within the phospholipid bilayer
have many functions including: transport/ channel or carrier proteins, receptor proteins, and recognition proteins. It allows certain molecules to pass but not others.
88
types of prokaryotic cells
bacterial and archaea
89
types of eukaryotic cells
plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
90
structures in plant cells that animal cells lack
chloroplasts, central vacuole, and a cell wall.
91
structures in animal cells that plant cells lack
centrioles and lysosomes.
92
nucleus
contains long DNA molecules and associated proteins from fibers called chromatin. each long chromatin fiber constitutes one chromosome.
93
ribosomes
the protein "factories" of the cell. responsible for protein synthesis. manufacturing proteins according to the instructions in DNA.
94
vesicles
the transport vehicles or sacs of membrane that bud off of the rough ER and transport membrane segments between organelles
95
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
96
rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes stud the outside of the structure's membrane. those ribosomes produce proteins or phospholipids that will be inserted into the growing membrane, transported to other organelles, and eventually exported
97
golgi apparatus
98
lysosomes
99
vacuoles
100
endoplasmic reticulum
Modifies proteins. manufactures and processes lipids and detoxifies waste products. produces an enormous variety of molecules. composed of both rough and smooth structures.
BIO 114
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