Psych 260 > Test 1 Redo > Flashcards

Test 1 Redo Flashcards

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1
Q

Abstract

A

A brief summary of a research paper, usually covering purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.

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2
Q

Anonymous

A

When participants’ identities are not collected or cannot be linked to their responses.

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3
Q

Applied research

A

Research conducted to solve practical, real-world problems.

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4
Q

Authority

A

Accepting information as true because it comes from an expert or trusted source.

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5
Q

Basic research

A

Research aimed at increasing fundamental knowledge without immediate practical application.

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6
Q

Citations

A

References within the text to acknowledge sources of information or ideas.

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7
Q

Cluster sampling

A

A probability sampling method where the population is divided into groups (clusters), and entire clusters are randomly selected for study.

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8
Q

Confidence interval

A

A range of values, derived from sample data, that is likely to contain the true population parameter within a given level of confidence (e.g., 95%).

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9
Q

Confederate

A

A person who secretly works with the researcher while pretending to be another participant.

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10
Q

Confidential

A

When researchers know participants’ identities but keep their information private and not disclosed.

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11
Q

Concern for welfare

A

An ethical principle ensuring that research protects participants’ well-being, privacy, and quality of life.

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12
Q

Convenience sampling

A

A non-probability sampling method where participants are chosen based on availability and ease of access.

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13
Q

Covariation of cause and effect

A

The principle that for something to be a cause, it must vary systematically with the effect.

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14
Q

Debriefing

A

Explaining the true purpose, methods, and any deception to participants after the study.

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15
Q

Deception

A

When participants are misled or not fully informed about aspects of the research until after participation.

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16
Q

Discussion

A

Section of a research paper where results are interpreted, explained, and related to past research.

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17
Q

Empirical question

A

A question that can be answered through observation or experiment.

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18
Q

Empiricism

A

The practice of gaining knowledge through systematic observation and measurement.

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19
Q

Ethics codes

A

Formal guidelines outlining standards for responsible and ethical research conduct.

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20
Q

Exempt research

A

Research that is so low risk it does not require full ethics review (e.g., anonymous surveys on harmless topics).

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21
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other populations, settings, or times.

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22
Q

Falsifiable

A

A quality of a hypothesis or theory that can be tested and shown to be false.

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23
Q

Fraud

A

Falsifying, fabricating, or misrepresenting research data or results.

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24
Q

Generalization

A

Applying findings from a sample to a broader population.

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25
Goals of scientific research
To describe, predict, explain, and sometimes apply knowledge about behavior or phenomena.
26
Informed consent
A process where participants are given all necessary information about the study and voluntarily agree to take part.
27
Intuition
Relying on personal feelings or gut instinct rather than evidence or reasoning.
28
Introduction
The section that outlines the research question, background, and purpose of the study.
29
Justice
An ethical principle emphasizing fairness in how research benefits and burdens are distributed.
30
Literature review
A summary and evaluation of existing research on a topic.
31
Method
Section describing how the study was conducted, including participants, materials, and procedures.
32
Minimal risk research
Research in which the potential risks are no greater than those encountered in daily life.
33
Non-probability sampling
Sampling methods where not every member of the population has a known or equal chance of being selected.
34
Parsimony
The principle that the simplest explanation, requiring the fewest assumptions, is preferred.
35
Peer review
The evaluation of research by experts in the same field before publication.
36
Plagiarism
Presenting someone else’s ideas, words, or work as your own without proper acknowledgment.
37
Population
The entire group of individuals or items that a researcher wants to draw conclusions about.
38
Power
The probability that a statistical test will detect a true effect (i.e., correctly reject a false null hypothesis).
39
Prediction
A specific statement about what researchers expect to find in a study.
40
Probability sampling
Sampling methods where each member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected.
41
Program evaluation
Research designed to assess the effectiveness of policies, programs, or interventions.
42
Pseudoscience
Claims that appear scientific but lack empirical evidence, testability, or adherence to scientific methods.
43
Purposive sampling
A non-probability sampling method where participants are chosen based on specific characteristics or purposes relevant to the study.
44
Quota sampling
A non-probability sampling method where participants are selected to meet predefined quotas that match certain characteristics of the population.
45
Random sample
A sample where each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
46
References
The full list of sources cited in a research paper.
47
Replicate
To repeat a study to see if the same results are obtained, increasing reliability.
48
Research Ethics Board (REB)
A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure they meet ethical standards.
49
Research hypothesis
A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables.
50
Respect for persons
An ethical principle recognizing individuals’ autonomy and protecting those with diminished autonomy.
51
Response rate
The percentage of individuals who participate in a study out of all those who were invited.
52
Results
Section reporting the data and findings of the study, often with statistics.
53
Risk–benefit analysis
The process of weighing the potential harms of a study against its possible benefits.
54
Ruling out alternative explanations
Ensuring that other possible causes of an observed effect are eliminated.
55
Sample
A subset of the population selected for study.
56
Sampling
The process of selecting individuals or items from a population to represent the whole.
57
Sampling error
The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter caused by chance.
58
Sampling frame
The actual list or database from which a sample is drawn.
59
Scientific skepticism
A critical approach that questions claims and seeks evidence before accepting them.
60
Secondary use of data
Using data that were originally collected for another purpose in new research.
61
Simple random sampling
A probability sampling method where every individual in the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected.
62
Stratified random sampling
A probability sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups (strata), and random samples are taken from each stratum.
63
Temporal precedence
The principle that the cause must occur before the effect in time.
64
Theory
A well-supported explanation of phenomena based on evidence and reasoning.
65
Three Rs
Ethical principles for animal research: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.
66
Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)
Canada’s main research ethics policy, created by the three federal research councils.
67
Web of Science
A multidisciplinary research database covering scholarly articles and citations.
68
PsycINFO
A major database for psychology-related journal articles, books, and research.
Psych 260
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