1
Q
What are the causes of regenerative anemia?
A
Hemorrhage or hemolysis
2
Q
Is hemorrhage only applicable to regenerative anemia? why or why not
A
Internal hemorrhage is a cause for regenerative anemia
External hemorrhage is a cause for non regenerative anemia because the animal is losing the blood components (like iron) and then iron becomes a limiting factor in it being able to regenerate
3
Q
Causes of primary BM disorder that lead to non regenerative anemia
A
- Hypoplasia/aplasia
- Myelodysplasia
- Leukemia
- Other causes of BM failure
4
Q
Causes of secondary BM disorder that lead to non regenerative anemia
A
- Chronic inflammation
- FeLV
- Renal disease
- Metastatic neoplasia
- Endocrine disease
5
Q
Causes of monocytosis
A
- Corticosteroid excess
- IMHA
- Bacterial Infection
- Fungal infection
- Granulomatous inflammation
- Recovery from BM suppression
6
Q
Causes of eosinophilia
A
- Allergy
- Parasitic Infection
- Hypereosinophilic syndrome (leukemia, mast cell neoplasia, lymphoma)
- eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
7
Q
causes of lymphocytosis
A
- BLV
- Lymphocytic leukemia
- Recent vaccination
- Epinephrine mediated
- Chronic infection (erlichiosis)
8
Q
causes of lymphopenia
A
- Corticosteroid excess
- Acute infection
- Loss of lymphocyte rich fluid (chylothorax)
- Immunodeficiency
9
Q
causes of basophilia
A
- Parasitic infection
- Eosinophilic inflammation
10
Q
Cells affected by lymphoproliferative leukemia
A
T and B cells
11
Q
Cells affected by myeloproliferative leukemia
A
granulocytes, platelets, monocytes, erythrocytes
12
Q
What cells do you find in acute vs chronic leukemia
A
blast cells vs mature cells
13
Q
what is the state of the BM in acute vs chronic leukemia
A
hypo/hypercellular vs hypercellular
14
Q
do you see organomegaly with acute or chronic leukemia
A
chronic
15
Q
cell morphology for acute vs chronic leukemia
A
may be dysplastic vs normal morphology
16
Q
any cytopenias present in acute vs chronic
A
pancytopenia vs none/anemia only
17
Q
what do small platelets indicate
A
ITP or iron deficiency
18
Q
what do shift platelets indicate
A
increased thrombopoiesis
19
Q
What does the dense granule contain
A
ADP
20
Q
what does the lysosome contain
A
hydrolase
21
Q
what does the alpha granule contain
A
-B thromboglobulin
-platelet factors
-platelet derived growth factor
-Factor 5
-fibrinogen
22
Q
what are the anti-coagulant factors
A
-prothrombin 3, protein C, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
23
Q
what are the contact factors
A
11, 12, 13, prekallikrein
24
Q
what are the vitamin K dependent factors
A
10, 9, 7, 2
25
what are the non enzymatic factors
5, 8, fibrinogen
26
what factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway
tissue factor, factor 7
27
what factors are part of the common pathway
1, 2, 5, 10
28
what factors are part of the intrinsic pathway
8, 9, 11, 12, 13, PK
29
what do acanthocytes indicate
liver/spleen disease
30
what do spherocytes indicate
IMHA, transfused cells
31
what do heinz bodies indicate
oxidative damage
32
what do HJ bodies indicate
spleen issues
33
what do ghost cells indicate
immune component
34
what do target cells indicate
liver disease
35
what do eccentrocytes indicate
oxidative damage
36
what do shistocytes indicate
DIC
37
what does agglutination indicate
underlying immune component to the disease
38
what does rouloux indicate
indicates increased protein in dogs and ruminants. normal is horses and cats
39
what are the causes of thrombocytopenia
destruction (ITP), production (BM dz), consumption (DIC)
40
what are the cytological features of cancer
1. size
2. nuclear enlargement
3. nucleolus presence
4. increased mitotic figures
5. hyperchromasia
41
what is sialocele
submandibular swelling due to obstructed salivary duct
42
wht are examples of inclusion cysts
degenerating epithelial cells, choleserol crysals, macrophages
43
what features indicate bile peritonitis
neutrophils, macrophages, bile pigment
44
what features indicate congestive heart failure
erythrophagocytosis and slightly elevated protein and cell concentrations
45
what features indicate FIP effusion
high protein conc, yellow in colour, elevation in cell count, neutrophils
46
what does FIP effusion cause
pyogranulomatous vasculitis
47
what features indicate intestinal content
bacteria and plant materials
48
what do you see with pyothorax/pyoperitoneum
suppurative inflammation with degradation of neutrophils indicating bacterial presence
49
what features indicate uroabdomen
creatinine, inflammation, urinary crystals
50
causes of hypoplasia/aplasia of BM
-infectious
-drug/chemical toxicity
-immune mediated
51
characteristics of myelodysplasia
-peripheral blood cytopenias
-normal to hypercellular BM
-dysplastic features
52
5 causes of myelofibrosis
-unknown
-necrosis
-chronic hemolytic anemia
-FeLV
-neoplasia
53
how can chronic disease (inflammation and neoplasia) cause anemia via secondary marrow disease?
iron sequestration (not iron deficiency) and suppressive cytokines
54
chronic disease (inflammation and neoplasia) characteristics:
-mild-moderate anemia
-normochromic and normocytic
55
how can FeLV cause anemia via secondary marrow disorder?
-chronic disease
-myelophthisis from hematologic neoplasia
-pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)- aplastic bone marrow
56
FeLV characteristics on RBC
normocytic or macrocytic
57
how can chronic kidney disease cause anemia via secondary marrow disorder?
-reduced RBC lifespan
-reduced EPO
-reduced marrow response to EPO
58
what can cause an increased BMBT mean
-vWD
-drug treatments
-DIC
59
what can cause thrombocytosis? (7)
-inflammatory disease
-splenic contraction
-hemorrhage
-iron deficiency
-paraneoplasia
-non neoplastic FeLV-associated disease
-myeloproliferative disease
60
what specific issues can an APTT/ACT test indicate?
-DIC
-hemophilias, some vWDs
-vitamin K deficiency/antagonism
-hereditary factor XII or XI deficiency
-therapeutic anticoagulation
61
hemophilia A is caused by…
factor 8 deficiency
62
what specific issues can an OSPT test indicate
-hereditary factor VII deficiency
-DIC
-vitamin K deficiency/antagonism
63
decreased fibrinogen could be a sign of?
-DIC
-hereditary hypo- or dysfibrinogenemia
-therapeutic anticoagulation
64
what can increased fibrinogen be a sign of
acute phase response
65
what can an FDP test indicate?
-DIC
-renal disease (need to know kidney function)
-internal hemorrhage
66
features of epinephrine (fight or flight) response and what happens to cause the changes
-mild neutrophilia
-no left shift
-mild lymphocytosis
-marginating pool moves into circulating pool
67
features of stress leukogram and what happens to cause the changes
-mild to moderate neutrophilia
-no left shift
-lymphopenia + eosinopenia
-possible monocytosis and/or eosinophilia
-release of bone marrow storage pool of segmented neutrophils
-lymphocytes retained in lymph nodes
68
features of acute inflammation and what happens to cause the changes
-neutrophilia with moderate to marked left shift
-depletion of segmented neutrophils and release of band neutrophils from bone marrow
69
features of chronic inflammation and what happens to cause the changes
-marked neutrophilia with variable left shift
-monocytosis
-increased production and release of segmented neutrophils from bone marrow
70
features of tissue necrosis or neoplasia and what happens to cause the changes
-mild to marked neutrophilia
-often with left shift
-cytokine mediated increase in production of neutrophils
71
what is indicated when you see toxic changes and a left shift
tissue demand for neutrophils exceeding bone marrow storage
72
when does tissue demand for neutrophils exceed bone marrow storage
acute suppurative inflammation
73
what can decrease neutrophil production
-radiation
-drugs
-estrogen toxicity
-leukemia
74
what causes neutrophil cytoplasmic vacuolation
autophagocytosis
75
what cell type recirculates, has a long lifespan and inhabits in mucosal sites
lymphocytes
76
what specific phenomenon do you see in rottweilers
pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils/eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
77
what is myelophthisis
crowding out of normal cells in marrow
78
4 types of leukemia
-lymphoproliferative
-myeloproliferative
-myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
-lymphoma associated leukemia
79
what are two features of myelodysplastic syndrome
-pancytopenia
-no acute leukemia cells in peripheral blood (see mature dysplastic cells)
80
what type of leukemia has no pancytopenia and organ infiltration (patchy infiltration of bone marrow)
lymphoma associated leukemia
81
what do you see with reactive hyperplasia cytology
-small lymphocytes still predominate
-increase in large lymphocytes and plasma cells
-may see russell bodies in plasma cells (called Mott cells) in chronic stimulation
82
what cells are increased in lymphadenitis
increase in neutrophils, eosinophils, or macrophages (may see giant cells)
83
soft tissue sarcoma, fibroma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma are examples of what type of cell cancer?
mesenchymal
84
adenoma, carcinoma, adenocarcimona, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma are examples of what type of cell cancer?
epithelial cell cancer
85
histiocytoma, melanoma, mast cell tumor and plasmocytoma are examples of what type of cell cancer
round cell cancer
86
types of sampling for respiratory cytology
-TTW
-BAL
87
what would you expect to see in aspiration pneumonia cytology
-marked inflammation
-bacterial morphologies
-plant material
-keratinizing squamous cells
88
what would you expect to see in chronic non-inflammatory airway inflammation cytology
-suppurative with nondegenerate neutrophils
or
-eosinophilic inflammation ± mast cells
-curshmanns spirals (dislodged mucus plugs) seen in chronic inflammation
89
what leads to transudate
increased intravascular pressure
90
what leads to an exudate
-tissue inflammation→increased
-vascular permeability→leakage and movement of protein and cells into body cavity
POD :(
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
