Bio 181 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the ___ structure

A

primary

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2
Q

The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _______ bond.

A

peptide

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3
Q

What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?

A

Side chain (R group)
Amino group
Carboxyl group

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4
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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5
Q

What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group, Sugar, Base

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6
Q

What are the major components of the bases in a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogen
Single or double carbon ring

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is true about adenine and guanine?

A

They consist of two fused rings of C and N atoms.
They are purine bases.

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8
Q

What type of bond is responsible for the base pairing between two strands of DNA in the double helix?

A

Hydrogen Bond

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9
Q

Which are pyrimidine bases found in DNA?

A

Thymine
Cytosine

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10
Q

RNA molecules contain what type of sugar?

A

ribose

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11
Q

What base pairs are found in DNA?

A

Adenine-thymine
Cytosine-guanine

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12
Q

What does RNA contain?

A

Uracil
Ribose
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine

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13
Q

4 Bases in RNA?

A

Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine

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14
Q

In a DNA double helix, adenine on one strand is paired to ______ on the other strand via ______ hydrogen bonds.

A

thymine ; two

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15
Q

For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must meet the following key criteria:

A

information, replication, variation, transmission

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16
Q

RNA differs from DNA in that RNA contains the base ___, and does not contain the base ___

A

uracil, thymine

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17
Q

A linear DNA strand contains two ends: the 5 prime end has a free ______ group, while the 3 prime end has a free ______ group.

A

P, OH

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18
Q

Which amino acid is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds?

A

Cysteine

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19
Q

The terminator is a site in the DNA where the ___ of a gene ends

A

transcription

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20
Q

What are the stages of transcription?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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21
Q

transcription begins at a site in DNA called the

A

promoter

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22
Q

What is synthesized during the elongation stage of transcription

A

RNA

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23
Q

How is the 5’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

A

a cap is added to it

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24
Q

How is the 3’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

A

A poly A tail is added to it

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25
introns
a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.
26
exons
Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.
27
what is the spliceosome complex's function and what does it include?
A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by removing of introns and connecting exons
28
Chargaff's Rule
A=T and C=G
29
antiparallel configuration
The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. Connected with hydrogen bonds
30
Pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
31
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
32
polymerization
putting a polymer together using a dehydration reaction
33
Sugar used in RNA
ribose
34
Sugar used in DNA
deoxyribose
35
What is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded DNA stores and transfers genetic information, RNA codes
36
what bond connects one nucelotide to the next
phosphodiester bonds
37
non-polar amino acids
hydrophobic
38
polar amino acids
hydrophilic
39
charged animo acids
hydrophilic
40
What defines the function of a protein
structure
41
What is a denatured protein
a protein that has lost its shape and function by being unfolded
42
N-terminus
amino end
43
C-terminus
carboxyl end
44
what is a peptide bond?
covalent bond between the carboxyl group and amino group
45
primary structure
peptide bonds specific order of amino acids- unique to every protein
46
secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds form spirals ((a helix) or pleats (beta)
47
Tertiary Structure
additional folding of the polypeptide forms a 3D structure
48
What are the 5 types of interactions in a tertiary structure?
Disulfide bonds (covalent bond) Hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds Non-polar interactions Vander Waals interactions
49
disulfide bond in tertiary structure
covalent bond between 2 cysteine amino acids
50
ionic bond in a tertiary structure
between charged R-Groups
51
hydrogen bonds in tertiary structure
between polar R-groups
52
non-polar interactions in a tertiary structure
hydrophobic affect between non-polar R-Groups
53
Van der Waals interactions
weak attractions between atoms close to each other
54
quartenary structure
interactions of R-groups of two or more polypeptides
55
how does a protein become denatured
high head low pH
56
what are polymers of nucleotides
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
57
what does DNA include?
nucleotides, strand, double helix, chromosome, genome
58
what are nucelotides held by
covalent bonds
59
what are strands held together by
phosphodiester bonds
60
what is a double helix held together by?
hydrogen bonds
61
what is a hairpin
sections of the RNA sequence that are complementary to each other
62
gene expression
explain how a gene becomes a protein genes are turned off whenever/wherever include transcription and translation
63
central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein gene sequence of DNA that makes instructions to make a protein
64
transcription
DNA --> mRNA (make a copy)
65
translation
mRNA --> protein (new language)
66
where does translation and transcription happen in prokaryotic cells?
cytoplasm
67
where does translation and transcription happen in eukaryotic cells?
transcription happens in the nucleus, translation happens in the cytoplasm
68
what are the 2 exceptions to the central dogma?
when a functional RNA is synthesized retroviruses- RNA viruses (HIV)
69
how does reverse transcription work?
uses RNA transcriptase to reverse-transcribe RNA genomes into DNA, which is then integrated into the host genome and replicated along with it.
70
what is a gene?
segment (sequence) of DNA that encodes for one protein example: chromosomes cookbook, genes recipes
71
what is the coding strand?
strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand (non-template) Carries information to make proteins
72
what is the non-coding strand?
template strand
73
promoter
sequence in gene that marks the location on the template strand starts transcription
74
What is the "+1" site of a gene?
first nucleotide that is transcribed direction of transcription
75
upstream
lies towards the 5' end of the DNA coding strand, 5' side
76
downstream
is in the direction of transcription, moving toward the 3' side
77
Consider a fragment of DNA that has a total of 10 base pairs. Four of these contain Adenine and six contain Guanine. How many hydrogen bonds would there be in this fragment between purine/pyrimidine pairs?
2*4 =8 3*6 =18 18+8=26 26 hydrogen bonds
78
If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?
30%
79
You isolate a nucleic acid from a cell. How can you determine whether you have isolated RNA or DNA?
Look at the nitrogenous bases of the molecule (thymine or uracil) Look at the sugars of the molecule (DNA will have deoxyribose, RNA will have ribose)
80
transcription
the process in which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA (Creating rna from the dna)
81
translation
the process of using the information in the RNA to synthesize polypeptides
82
Translation begins when mRNA becomes associated with a
ribosome
83
What is the purpose of the genetic code?
It specifies the relationship between a sequence of nucleotides and a sequence of amino acids
84
What amino acid is specified by the start codon?
Methionine
85
What structural features are common to all tRNAs?
Cloverleaf pattern with three stem-loops Acceptor stem for amino acid attachment
86
initiation of transcription
RNA polymerase binds to promoter
87
elongation of transcription
RNA polymerase unzips the DNA and assembles RNA nucleotides using one strand of DNA as a template.
88
termination of transcription
RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop codon) and detaches from the template
89
initiation of translation
mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG
90
elongation of translation
Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids to synthesize a polypeptide.
91
termination of translation
occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome
92
what are the three steps in RNA processing?
1. Capping (Addition of 5' cap) 2.Tailing (addition of poly-A tail (3') string of AAAA's) 3. Splicing (removal of introns)
93
what is the function of capping?
1. helps mRNA exit the nucleus 2. prevents loss of sequence in 5' end (degradation) 3. (in eukaryotes)= help mRNA bind to ribosome
94
what is the function of a poly-a tail?
prevents degradation (loss of sequence)
95
what is a codon?
a three nucleotide sequence in mRNA (64 codons total)
96
Why do we need mRNA in eukaryotic cells?
1. Remove non-coding information 2. Prevents mRNA from loosing sequence
97
61 codons specify for an _
amino acid
98
1 Specifies for a __ codon and the amino acid ___
"start" (known as AUG) Methionine (Met) AUG -> MET
99
3 codons mean __
stop
100
what are the characteristics of the genetic code and what do they mean?
1. unambiguous- each codon specified for only one amino acid 2- redundant: each amino acid can be specified by more than 1 codon 3. conservative: codons that specify for the same amino acid share the first 2 bases
101
what are the three major types of RNA used in translation?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
102
what two types of macromolecules are in ribosomal subunits?
proteins, RNA
103
what types of bonds are formed between amino acid in translation?
covalent bonds
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