PARAPHILIA CLINICAL DEF (WHAT 2 THINGS ARE NEEDED)
- HAS AN ATYPICAL INTEREST
- HAS TO CREATE STRESS AND OR HARM
PARAPHILIA THEORIES NEED TO ACCOUNT FOR:
- EARLY ONSET
- Fantasies emerge mostly during adolescent, however there is evidence that at least for some- pre-orgasmic childhood
- Limited childhood memory
- STRONG ATTRACTION
- Episodic: may be stress related - DIVERSITY OF PARAPHILIC EXPRESSION
- Vary in the type and number of preferences
- Not unusual to have more than one - HUGE GENDER DIFFERENCE
- Paraphilias overwhelmingly male
- 3-7% in male, >1% in women - NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES
- More social anxiety/ depression
- Drug abuse
- could be a cause OR effect
HYPERSEXUALITY POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
- HYPERSEXUALITY
Ø High sensation seeking: higher threshold for sensory stimulation- THREAT DEFLECTION
Ø High sensory
Ø Innate tendency to relate more intensely to environmental stimuli
Ø Reach threshold quickly, and then anything beyond that becomes unpleasant
Ø Creates opiate response - AMPLIFYING FACTORS
- Emotions can be at play, but covering / not revealing theseB. ALEXITHYMIA
- Feeling something, but not sure where it’s coming from
- Hungry: you feel agitatedC. DEPRESSED AFFECT
- Low serotonin
- More likely to be aroused by something unconventional
- Sex as a self medicationD. COMPULSIVITYE. EXCLUSIVITY - THREAT DEFLECTION
S&M IN PRACTICE: PRINCIPLES
- “safe, sane and consensual”
Ø Avoids anything to do with ACTUAL victimization
Ø In order to get there it is a lot of training
Ø “how do you tie the knots, how do you whip without causing extensive pain”
Ø How to fulfill some of the goals without putting someone at risk emotional and physically
Ø Emphasis on self control
Ø Don’t usually take alcohol or drugs; need to be in the right head space
Ø Extensive pre-seen negotiation: “here’s what I like/ do not, safe word, what’s going to happen” etc
PERSONALITY TYPES OF PPL WHO ENGAGE IN THIS
Ø People who engage in this tend to be high functioning (oreo’s dunked in milk)
Ø More extroverted and outgoing
Ø Open to new experience
Ø Higher subjective sense of well-being
Ø Higher educated
2. PARAPHILIA "TRY-SEXUAL" OR NEITHER Ø Probably all of the above because it's not all the same Ø For some: may be paraphilia 3. SOURCES OF EXCITEMENT AND STIMULATION Ø Power dynamics Ø Majority (about half- 75%) prefer to SUB
REWARDS RELATING TO SUBBING
REWARDS RELATING TO SUBBING (PHYSICAL)
Ø Arousing (not always sexual but always arousing)
Ø Go where the nerve endings are
Ø Pain cue becomes conditioned to pleasure
Ø Sometimes the Reward has to do with the physical, sometimes psychological
Ø For some: reward might come with power
Ø Painful pleasure kind of like runner’s high
SOURCES OF REWARDS (3)
SOURCES OF REWARD
1. THE CONNECTION OF PAIN AND PLEASURE
Ø Can be connected to erotic cues
Ø Less pain sensitivity
2. THE EXPERIENCE OF AN ALTERED STATE Ø Comes from intense stimulation Ø Disconnection from body Ø Brain shuts down Ø Difficulty speaking 3. GAINING OR REGAINING CONTROL- THERAPY? (LINDEMAN, 2011) Ø Looked at professional doms: - Almost all had high school - 40% graduate degree Ø Suggests that this is not being done by people who have no other choice Ø SO: framed as therapy'
DIFFERENT WAYS TO EXPRESS (6)
Ø ALTERNATE TO SEXUAL REPRESSION
Ø ATONEMENT RITUAL Ø MASTERING TRAUMA - They are in control - Ex: breast feeding (my mother never loved me per say) - "I am now in control Ø 'REVITALIZATION THROUGH SHAME' - " I used to experience this, but now I can experience it and I can know that I am not that person anymore' Ø BREAK FROM RESPONSIBILITY - High social status/ education : everyday they must be responsible, people look to them for answers - So this is a way to express freedom / step out of that role Ø TOUCH AND TALK - Ties into nurturing - "I get taken care of" NONE ARE DIRECTLY SEXUAL
NEEDS FOR HYPER SEXUALIZATION DISORDER
A. >4 of these
1. Time consuming
2. Repetitive mood repair
3. Repetitive reaction to stress
4. Repetitive, unsuccessful control efforts
5. In spite of risks to self, others
B. Distress/ impairment - You feel bad about it C. Not due to alternative factors or conditions - You partner isn't making you do it, it is not a job either D. 18 or older
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Ø See paraphilias (a lot of the same themes come up: is there neurotransmitter present, is there depression, not being able to name your emotions, histories of under or over sexualization)
Ø Although sources may be similar, there is important distinction: when you talk about compulsion, people FEEL LIKE: they aren’t necessarily making the choice (im not doing this because I want to)
Ø That’s not there for paraphilias, they are carefully chosen
Ø You are doing this despite the fact that there are negative outcomes, you wish you could stop, but you don’t\THE CONTROL ASPECT
POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES (4)
- INTRAPERSONAL: emotional (guilt, distress, shame)
- Also a motivational piece (they have to keep this secret)
- “I am a different person and I have a different identity when I engage in this”
- INTERPERSONAL: withdrawal/ destabilization
- Idea of intimate relationships: it may cause problems with other people since you won’t get too involved with them because of risk discovery (you may be found out, and found out= rejection)
- If you’re in a relationship, its destabilized - FINANCIAL: including expense as well as employment
- In order to do it in secret, has the same quality as buying drugs (have to pay money to make this thing happen)
- Cover up where it came from, etc - PHYSICAL: disease, unwanted pregnancies, injury
- HIV positive gay men, rated with compulsion or non compulsive
- High compulsion: actually more desirable
- “bug chasers” where people were actually seeking HIV positive people
- Degrading activities were more common
SHERE HITE 1976 DATA
PERCENTAGE OF MEN WHO HAVE EVER WANTED TO RAPE A WOMAN (SHERE HITE, 1976 DATA)
Ø 4 different samples
- General anonymous sample (46%) - General non-anonymous sample (52%) - Military sample (66%) - Penthouse forum reader sample (67%)
TWO THEMES FOR RAPE
- The place and value of SEX
- Powerful drive
- Measure of self worth
- Part of self identity
- The place and value of WOMEN/ VICTIMS
- They are beneath you
- Source of sexual stimulation
- Legitimate objects of sexual fulfillment
CROSSING THE LINE: MOVING FROM “WANT TO” TO “HAVE DONE”
Ø Promoted by:
- Emotional state (ex: deprived, enraged, etc)
- Impaired self-regulation: might be harder to put on the breaks if you are impaired
- Antisocial mindset: “I matter more than you do”
- Fragile or poor self esteem
Ø Justified by (its not evil if it is justified) - Evil is intentional, unjustified harm - 'if you JUST have intentional, its not as bad" - Supportive context (ex: war, peer pressure, etc) - Feelings of entitlement, self deserving (victim) - Beneficial to victim
CLEMENTS - SCHREIBER AND REMPEL
Beliefs that men are sexually weak (items where more agreed than disagreed) - sample of women who agreed and disagreed with these items. There are seven.
* It’s easy for a women to sexually arouse a man if she really wants to (85 vs 15%) * The truth is that men enjoy getting sexual advances from women even when they don’t respond positively (68 vs 14%) * It is more difficult for men to tell the difference between love and lust (50 vs 27%) * Mos young men would appreciate a sexual opportunity with an older, more experienced women (48 vs 23%) * For men, sex is the most important part of a romantic relationship ( 46 vs 17%) * Women should be able to have sex when they want it( 44 vs 29%) * In general, men will do just about anything for a women who turns them on (38 vs 27%)- this ties in to sexual weakness- I own you now that your horny.
SEXUAL PRESSURE TACTICS
50% indicating “likely”, “very likely”, or “extremely likely”
* Manipulative tactics
* Indirect strategies- are pretty common, not a clear communication stragedy, could misinterpret.
touch him affectively (94%)
Arrange an opportunity to be alone with him (94%)
Pay a lot of attention to him (90%0
Kiss him passionately (82%)
Rub his back and shoulders (80%)
Dress in seductive way (78%)
Set a romantic mood with candlelight and music (71%)
Sit on his lap (64%)
Dance with him suggestively (59%)
* Direct expression Tell him verbally how turned on you are and how much you want him 60% Tell him directly that you want to have sex 50% * Direct physical strategies Let your hands wander around his body a little 76% undo his shirt and kiss or nibble his chest or stomach 61% Push him on the bed and undress him 64% undo his belt or pants
SEXUAL PRESSURE TACTICS BELIEFS
- Beliefs in male sexual weakness were positively related to the endorsement of manipulative strategies and negatively related to endorsing direct strategies (especially for single women).
- Thus, the more women believed that men are sexually weak, the less likely they were to clearly indicate their sexual intentions and the more likely they were to use strategies that minimize the likelihood of rejection.
MORAL FRAMEWORKS/ FOUNDATIONS (SEXUAL ABUSE)
- DIVINITY/PURITY SANCITY
Ø Sex with ___ is a violation of natural or divine laws- COMMUNITY/ INGROUP LOYALTY, AUTHORITY- RESPECT
Ø Sex with ___ harms the social or group structure
Ø Sex with ___ is against the law - AUTONOMY / HARM-CARE, FAIRNESS- RECIPIROITY
Ø Sex with ___ increases the risk of harm
Ø Sex with ___ was coerced and did not have consent
- COMMUNITY/ INGROUP LOYALTY, AUTHORITY- RESPECT
IN ORDER TO GIVE CONSENT
Ø ONE MUST:
- Fully understand what that activity involves
- Fully understand the potential consequences
Make a voluntary, pressure free decision
HIGH STANDARD
Ø Should be no doubt about the capacity for a participant to understand and freely choose
Ø Should be no attributional ambiguity about whether a choice was free when there is a power differential
Ø Responsibility rests with the person in the role or position with greater power
IMPACTS ARE WORSE WHEN: (SEXUAL ABUSE) (8)
- CHILDREN ARE PREVERBAL OR LATENCY AGE (1-4 ish)
- THE ABUSE OCCURS OVER A LONGER PERIOD OF TIME
- THERE ARE MULTIPLE PERPETRATORS
- ABUSERS ARE ADULTS, PARENTS, MALES
- FORCE IS USED
- THERE IS PENETRATION (MORE DAMAGING THAN TOUCH)
- VICTIM LACKS RESILIENCY FACTORS
- VICTIM LACKS SUPPORTIVE RELATIONSHIPS
SEXUAL MISCONDUCT AND ABUSE IN THE CONTEXT OF A RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION
DISTINCT CONTEXT
Ø Group dynamics and principles of group psychology
- You have an outlook on yourself, this changes that
- Sets the stage for a lot of potential conflict
Ø Group traditions, doctrines and teachings - A way of seeing the world - Expectations you are expected to follow - Somebody within the group engages in a sexual violation - now the threat is internal Ø Social image and stereotypes within larger society - Image in which people want to be portrayed- the one in which they try to convey - People in these groups will often be stereotyped - Stereotypes interacting with social judgements- risks being publicly shamed
RESPONSES OF ALLEGED PERPETRATOR (4)
Ø Denial
Ø Self-justification Ø Defensiveness - Minimizing their own responsibility - Re-direct blame - "I shouldn't have given in to the temptation" - Hiding (the extent of the violation, the nature of the violation) Ø Full admission and "falling apart" contrition - Exposure was a second violation. The kid he violated had no idea he had come out with the truth
SOLUTIONS (SEXUAL ABUSE)
FOCUS ON CONTEXT
Ø Don’t leave children alone with a single adult
Ø Increase observability (windows and doors)
FOCUS ON PERPETRATORS
Ø Make it more difficult to abuse
Ø Make it more costly to abuse
Ø Make it easier to NOT abuse (pre and post)
FOCUS ON VICTIMS
Ø Impede the secrecy that perpetrators need in order to functions (pre and post)
