Test 2

Question 1

Nominal

Answer 1

Classifies variables into categories
Way to measure age: young, old
Least amount of information
Sex, Male/Female
Qualitative

Question 2

Ordinal

Answer 2

Classifies variables into ranked categories
Ways to measure age: infant, toddler, child, teen, adult, senior.
Ways to measure comm. competence: high competence, medium competence, low competence
Qualitative

Question 3

Interval

Answer 3

Classifies and ranks, and establishes standard, equal distances between variables
Ways to measure age: 1-10 years, 11-20 years, 21-30 years, etc.
Quantitative
Fahrenheit scale, distance between 17 & 18 is the same as that between 89 & 90.

Question 4

Ratio

Answer 4

Classfies and ranks, and establishes standard, equal distances between variables, with a true zero where variable ceases to exist
Quantitative
Specific age, aka 20

Question 5

4 Primary Ethical Guidelines for the treatment of research participants

Answer 5

1. Provide free choice
   a. voluntary informed consent (cover letter, not forced)
   b. child assent (people under 18 parent permission)
   c. implied consent (mail survey, send back & get coupon)
2. Protect right to privacy
   a. anonymity: cannot link given response to given participant, mail survey
   b. confidentiality: you know participants but modify to keep secret, researcher can identify a persons response but promises to keep secret
   c. security of data: locked for 5 years
3. Benefit people, don’t harm them
   a. study natural conditions, do not create them (don’t inject cancer cells)
   b. don’t withhold lifesaving treatment
   c. debrief: answer all questions & reveal results
4. Treat people with respect
   a. avoid being androcentric (male centered view)
   b. avoid being racist

Question 6

Does every research study intrude on the life of people?

Answer 6

Yes. Could be through reflection (marital satisfaction, childhood trauma, memories)

Question 7

IRB:

Answer 7

Oversee research at the university level
-Review all research proposals involving human participants, main goal is to ensure that the risks faced by human participants in research are minimal

Question 8

Sample

Answer 8

Special subset (small portion snapshot) of population observed to make inferences on general behavior

Question 9

Goal of sampling?

Answer 9

1. Generalize results of study

2. Minimize sampling errors (though every study contains error)

Question 10

Representative Sample

Answer 10

Same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it was selected, characteristics closely matched so you can generalize, so random sample

Question 11

Bias Sample

Answer 11

Those selected are not typical or representative of the larger populations, chosen for specific reasons, so cannot generalize, so non-random sample

Question 12

Random Sampling

Answer 12

Relatively few observations and generalize to a much wider population, everyone has an equal change of being selected (names being drawn out of a hat)
-Probability sampling

Question 13

Non-random Sampling

Answer 13

Lets us control the likelihood of specific individuals being selected for study, participants intentionally picked, and not everyone has an equal change (TA selection)
-Non-probability selection

Question 14

Non-probability (non-random) Sampling Types

Answer 14

1. Convenience: possible participants are there (stand outside of grocery story)
2. Purposive/ judgmental: to study a subset that you want (like stratified) (Hispanic, women who smoke, and are divorced)
3. Snowball: network
4. Quota: representations of different groups (matrix)

Question 15

Probability (Random) Sampling Types

Answer 15

1. Simple random: totally random, draw from the available population, (close eyes and point to a number)
2. Systematic: Ordered, structured, choose the nth subject (2,4,6,8,10)
3. Stratified: layered (50 freshmen, 50 sophomores, 50 juniors, 50 seniors)
4. Multistage cluster: Start with cluster, then do stratified selection (specific organization, western specifically 50 freshman, 50 sophomores, 50 juniors)

Question 16

Considerations for probability or non-probability

Answer 16

• unit of analysis
• quantitative (want to generalize) vs. qualitative (doesn’t care about generalization)
• sample size
• lit. review
• accessibility of participants
• researchers resources/ permission

Question 17

*More homogeneous the population is, the more representative the sample will be

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Measurement

Answer 18

Careful deliberate observations for the purpose of describing objects and events in terms of the attributes composing a variable

Question 19

Ethics

Answer 19

Professional standards that guide the research procedures acceptable for studying human beings, conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group

Question 20

Survey Research vs. Survey questionnaire

Answer 20

Survey research is operationalizing variables by asking people structured questions 1.) development of a questionnaire or survey 2.) selection of a sample of respondents 3.) administration of the questionnaire through any of several modes
A survey questionnaire is just a method

Question 21

Why are surveys popular?

Answer 21

• Can target specific or large groups
• Easy to generalize
• Most widely used
• 2+ variables
• Cheap
• Easy to administer
• Creates confidentiality

Question 22

Question Types

Answer 22

• Factual vs. Opinion
• Objective Truth vs. Evaluation (survey usually has combo)
• Closed vs. open
• Contingency/Filter (Filter: are you a comm major? contingency: if yes, answer q 1-37)

Question 23

Contingency/Filter Questions

Answer 23

Filter: (are you a comm major?)
Contingency: If yes, answer q. 1-37

Question 24

Survey Response Types

Answer 24

• Checklist: select all that apply
• Rank-order: 1-6
• Multiple choice: A-E, exam
• Yes/no: are you a comm major
• Linkert: 5 ft. scale, SA, A, N, D, SD
• Likert Type: Can be any other point, 7, 10, 4 etc. less points, less sensitive
• semantic differential: measures feelings/attitudes, asks respondents to choose between two opposite positions with adjectives on each end

Question 25

Criteria Question Construction

Answer 25

- Clear question construction - K.I.S.S., keep it simple, use exact expression, no excessive words - No leading questions: suggests an answer, says "should" - no double-barreled; asking for two things, says "and" "or" - avoid being threatening

Question 26

Order of Survey Questions

Answer 26

Organizational Patterns - funnel (broad to narrow) - inverse funnel (specific to broad) - tunnel (steady throughout) - topical: topics - easy - sensitive - demographic items: race, age

Question 27

Protocol, instructions

Answer 27

``` Name, organization Nature/purpose Confidentiality Directions Time Thank you ```

Question 28

Milgram Study

Answer 28

Unethical toward the participants, benefit people dont harm them (psychological)

Question 29

Challenges of asking good questions

Answer 29

- Memories can be biased and affected by emotional states - What people say they do, or will do, are not always related - small changes in wording result in different responses - the order of questions affect answers - respondents answer even when they don't know about the subject

Question 30

Unidimensional composite measure

Answer 30

When a variable has a single facet, all of the questions will focus on the single facet

Question 31

Multidimensional composite measure

Answer 31

Several facets, set of questions focused around each underlying facet or dimension

Question 32

Response rate

Answer 32

Divide and then multiply by 100, 50% is adequate, 60% is good, 70% is very good

Question 33

Modes of survey questionnaire administration

Answer 33

Mail distribution and return:+ confidential, Follow-up mailings, -certain populations are more likely to respond, Standardized interview