1
Q
What is the definition of physical activity
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Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure, this is about the movements we make in everyday life
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Q
What is exercise
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planned and structured physical activity with the aim of improving or maintaining fitness
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Q
Fitness and disabled people
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Language of exercise/physical activity as the pursuit of fitness dismisses the worth of disabled people
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Q
Disability and the Gym study & positive findings/disabling interactions
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Findings:
- Belief in potential of recovery
- Seeing aspirational role models
- Social impetus “Ill see you next week” — okay
- Respite from stress of living with a disability
Disabling interactions
- Inaccessible infrastructure
- Negative comparisons with past selves
- “No pain no gain”
- Misalignment with gym aesthetic values
- Negative interactions with instructors/staff
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Q
Self determination theory
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- Innate psychological needs for integrating goals and the motivations behind them
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Q
3 elements of self-determination theory and what they are
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Autonomy = personal control
Competence = skills required to do a certain task
Relatedness = support (interpersonal/infrastructure)
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Q
Intrinsic motivation
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Doing an activity for inherent enjoyment or interest
“I exercise bc I love how it feels”
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Extrinsic Motivation: Integrated regulation (fully internalised)
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Behaviour is aligned with values and identity; feels self-chosen
“Being active is part of who I am”
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Extrinsic Motivation: Identified regulation (internalised)
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Behaviour is personally valued and accepted as important
“I exercise bc I know it’s important for my health”
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Q
Extrinsic motivation: Introjected regulation
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Behaviour driven by internal pressure (guilt, shame, ego)
“I’d feel guilty if I skipped the gym”
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Q
Extrinsic Motivation: External regulation
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Behaviour controlled by rewards or punishments
“I exercise bc my doctor told me to”
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Q
How do our moitivations for PA change from a life course perspective
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Childhood
- Joy, sense of accomplishment
Young adulthood
- Appearance, weight loss, body optimisation
Adulthood
- Avoiding injury, health maintenance, function
Later life
- Bedy function, social connection
13
Q
PA across lifespan is correlated with
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Happiness and Life Sat
14
Q
If PA is low in early adulthood
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It does not easily become part of life later on (particularly among blue collar workers, women, and people with poor perceived health)
15
Q
PA, pleasure and older adults
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- Sensual pleasure (physical pleasure from moving body)
- Habitual pleasure
- Immersion pleasure (in the moment)
- Social pleasure (joy from connecting with others)
Pride and achievement (meeting goals & improving capability)
16
Q
Endorphins
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Part of endocrine system (involving pituitary gland, hypothalamus, CNS
17
Q
What happens during PA and how does this influence HPA axis
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During PA, increased HR, muscle micro-tears, oxygen demand all activate the hypothalamus, and thus the HPA axis
Switching on HPA axis triggers production of endorphins
18
Q
Effects of endorphins
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- Endorphins are.. Opiod neuropeptides, inhibitory neurotransmitter substances
○ They block GABA (primary inhibitory neurotransmitter) which leads to - Increased dopamine availability
-Dopamine has positive effect in overcoming aversion - Stimulates adrenergic receptors (adrenal glands)
- Without dopamine, flight or flight hormones could not be activated (sympathetic nervous systems)-
19
Q
Vagus nerve
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Involved in PSNS, mice swimming studies show that swimming at moderate pace can activate vagus nerve.
Vagus nerve communicate with adrenal glands to increase dopamine release
20
Q
Effect of dopamine
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Decrease inflammation (help us w stress)
21
Q
Maintaining positive embodiment in PA relies upon
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- Enjoyable physical activity
- Freedom to make self-determined choices
Being free from discriminatory treatment
- Freedom to make self-determined choices
22
Q
Ways in which Yoga serves as positive embodiment
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- Interoceptive awareness (awareness of inner body)
- Exteroceptive awareness (awareness of external world)
Neuroception (ability to witness ones thoughts)
- Exteroceptive awareness (awareness of external world)
23
Q
Traditional Chinese medicine and purpose of PA
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- Moving qi, supporting organ health, balancing emotions, preventing illness
Harmony between human/nature
Main idea = there are different ways to practice movement to better find balance with qualities of the seasons we experience
24
Q
Why did Martine not use the term “physical activity” in her PhD research
A
- The term physical activity has a lot of connotations about what we mean in terms of movement
- Her research with cook island women in New Zealand instead explored activities like dance, waka, jumping in ocean with children, going on walks (reconceptualise physical activity from exercise to movement)
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Movement as an enactment of genealogy
- How, where and why we move is a story of our ancesty, the places and lands of which we are from
Retelling stroies through movement
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Irony of instructor wellness
- Instructors livelihood is based of your ability to move your body yet they sacrafice their own well-being by pushing their body to the max … ties into tying your sense of self-worth to who you are in your body
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Embodiment and PA
- Martines research found that the drum beat gives them a sense of a heart beat within them that tells them its time to move
- Shaking energy - movement as a means of letting go
Maori concept of Atua whereby the wiri of kapahaka hand movements channel the spirit of wind blowing through grass
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Why does creativity matter for wellbeing?
- Dealing with adversity
- In disaster resilience
○ Originality & Flexibility -->
§ Less stress
Greater resilience
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Componential conceptualisation of creativity
- Creativity is a behaviour resulting from personal characteristics, cognitive abilities and social environments
A model to optimise/develop/identify creative capacity
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3 key parts of creativity
Domain-relevant skills (what you know)
Creativity-relevant skills (breaking the rules)
Task motivation (a good reason)
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Domain-relevant skills (what you know)
- Knowledge about domain
- Technical skills
- "Talent"
○ Ie., if you want to be creative in music, you need to have KNOWLEDGE around it
○ Knowledge organised according to general principles (overarching understanding)
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Creativity-relevant skills (breaking the rules)
- Appropriate cognitive stile
- Heuristics for generating novel ideas
- Breaking perceptual set
- Open response options - not yes or no, can be in between
- "productive forgetting" - forget what one is "supposed to do"
Delayed gratification (perseverance in face of frustration)
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Task motivation (a good reason)
- Attitudes toward task
- Perception of own motivation for undertaking task
- Intrinsic motivation, attitude toward task
- Perception of task motivations
Creativity occurs when extrinsic motivation is low
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What is the irony of the componential conceptualisation of creativity?
- Telling someone to generate novel ideas in itself loses novelty
- Not a creative view of creativity
- Psychologising
Outdated but carried through to temporary means of assessing creativity
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Torrance Test / ATTA
- Goff & Torrance evaluate visual and verbal divergent thinking (break perceptual sets & think outside of box)
Verbal - "hypothetically, what would the world be like if electricity ceased to exist?"
Visual - "presented with lines, what could you turn the lines into (image-wise)"
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Torrance test criteria for evaluation
- Fluency: Number of ideas or drawings produced
- Originality: Unusualness/statistical rarity of responses
- Flexibility: Variety of categories represented
- Elaboration: Amount of detail added
- "Creative indicators" in figural tasks,
○ Unusual perspectives
○ Humour
Fantasy elements
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Assumptions of torrance test
- Originality = comparing to set-point (who's to say what is normal for whom)
- Way of organising and thinking about information can depend on culture, what's creative in one may be normal in another
Creativity may not be equally valued
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Role of the DFM in creativity
DFM = Network of brain regions engaged in self-referential thinking & mind wandering
- Tested visual and verbal divergent thinking (torrance test) and gave fMRI
Findings:
- Those most creative had a more active DFM
Particularly inferior parietal lobe
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Inferior Parietal Lobe (DMN) & creativity
Idea generation, mind wondering, recall
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Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Executive Control Network) & creativity
Cognitive control, response inhibition
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Salience network & creativity
Dopamine! Attributing importance to thoughts/feelings/tasks
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Overall neuroscience of creativity
- ECN evaluates DFM ideas and constrains them to keep on creative task
- Salience networks queues for switching between attention to tasks and executive control (ECN) and letting ourselves wander (DMN)
Conclude - there is a dopaminergic influence on executive modulation of DMN activity which optimises creative ideation
48
Embodied creativity: Roaming
Less organised, unplanned or spontaneous motion
- Gestures
- Dance
- Shifting body postures
- Physical object-manipulation (matchsticks)
- Drawing/doodling
These are connected with creativity and involve executive functions, abstract thought, and novel associations (promote divergent thinking compared to prescribed path)
48
Taonga Puoro
crafting instruments from natural world, connect sound to ancestors and sounds can replicate healing sounds of nature
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Craft, healing, relationality, how does craft bring "creative leisure"
○ Enhances satisfaction, confidence
○ Expresses identity
○ Sensory pleasure
○ Organising thoughts and feelings
○ Shifting from flight-fight to flow state
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Liz's crochet blanket
- Domain relevant skills (ability to weave & skint)
- Creative skills (colour, choices, pattern development)
- Resource access (money, space, time)
Motivations
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Singing bowls
crafted to different sizes which vibrate at different frequencies, these frequencies correspond to different parts of body and can provide healing benefit (music as treatment for illness)
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Whariki and creativity
- Woven mat
- Going out into nature to collect materials and braiding it
- Crafted in groups & creating a space for the future (chopping down half so other can half)
People can come together
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Biographical disruption
- The way ones sense of self and identity changes in the face of huge events
Often discussed in particular diagnoses (amputations, terminal illness) and natural disasters
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Liz's idea of biographical refraction
when light passes through a lens it disperses but then comes back together
- Interrupted or disrupted, but still whole
Liz went through process of recreating these blankets as an embodied craft research method
And connected with her ancestors, repaired the rift in her whakapapa as result of the fire
49
Affective "touch" of music
It can be:
- Literally felt (somatically) - sound waves that come from singing can be felt in our body
Figuratively felt (affectively) - "touch" of music about our emotions
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COVID-19 and shared singing studies
Asked how does the "touch" of music replicate that to the "touch" of real human beings>
→ Developed a theory…
○ Brain networks involved in music production overlap with networks involved in social cognition (limbic system) = emotional regulation
Making music together is a process of shared emotional experience can facilitate a sense of "groupishness" and cohesion
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Tonotopy
sound to neuron organisation
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How does do sound waves make it to cochlear nerve
- Sound goes into ear, hits cochlea
- Inside cochlea, lots of tiny hair-like structures (stereocilia)
- Stereocilia vibrate at different frequencies in response to sound waves (based on their length)
Whatever stereocilia vibrates send message to cochlear nerve
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How does cochlear nerve input turn into conscious sound
- Message from cochlear nerve goes up the brain stem where frequency, amplitude, and location of sound are processed
This signal makes it to auditory cortex (where sound becomes conscious)
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What brain regions is the Auditory cortex connected to?
- Cerebellum, hypothalamus (physiological reaction)
- Hippocampus (memory and association)
Amygdala, Nucleus Accumbens, Insula (emotional processing)
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Why do people listen to sad music flow chart. Factors?
A combination of
- Individual factors (Personal (music/life), history, age, gender, personality
- Situational factors (personal relevance, impact on life, possibility to change situation)
- Short and long term desired outcomes (Learning from the situation, coping with emotions, acceptance)
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Findings of sad music flow chart
- People prefer sad music DURING a negative mood, and uplifting music slightly after
Sad music = reflecting inner experience, emotional recognition
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Motivations listening to sad music
Feeling connected to the narrative of a story that reflected their own, or a story that could imagine their affective state projected into the life of people playing song
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Udnerstanding listening to sad music flow chart and links toi positive psychology.
Concluding remarks
- Listening to sad music could = release negative emotions, purge oneself, reappraise events
- For some = feeling more negative (frustration, anger etc)
The underlying positive psychology message of this is embedded in "feeling more positive"
In this study, the value of sadness is placed in direct conversation in feeling better
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Rumination and fantasy and sad/happy music
Those who scored higher on rumination = more likely to feel more negative
Those who scored higher on fantasy = more likely to feel more positive
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How did society see my chemical romance fans
- Media portrays MCR fans as "misguided innocents" in a "suicide cult"
One could be "brainwashed" by music which could be negative and dangerous for ones health
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In what ways does negative/angsty music help wellbeing
- Cope with depression, overcome bullying and save their lives
→ Cultivates community & solidarity (social bondedness), counter-script to stoic masculinity (a way of thinking about to gender not tied to hegemonic norms), expression of identity (the way one dresses)
Listening to music that openly talks about suicidality, depression, self harm is not a form of brainwashing
- But a way of stepping into a space where negative emotions, difficult experiences can be recognised
○ Anti stigma, mental health solidarity, speaking to and against the idea that mental health is a private matter, make social change through affect
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Angsty, sad, angry music =
a way to experience and express "unacceptable" emotions
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Sara Ahmed's (2010) The promise of happiness
Happiness has become central to understandings of the meaning, purpose and order of a human life - it’s a HUGELY driving force for most individuals
The trick is… happiness is always deferred, contingent, and unavailable (if will be happy if…when…) for everybody except the norm - cis-white masculinity
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What does it mean that happiness is a "technology of normativity"
- this means it is a tool for crafting a morally-laden idea of what is normal and right
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Sad Girl Music
- Explores everyday longing and disappointment
Awareness that the world is not a fair place for anyone who refuses to serve the patriarchy
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Queer youths listening to music, engaging w/ boygenius were doing so as a way of:
- Expressing disillusionment with a future they nonetheless continue to yearn for
- Processing sadness within broader sociopolitical contexts (this emotion is not just an individual thing caused by chemical imbalance, it is actually a reflection of systems and structures of power I am moving through).
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How do Emotions function on a community level (sad girl music)
There is a sociality of sadness and queer youths desire for their emotions to be recognise
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Take away points from queer youth boygenius study
- Emotions articulate broader socio-political issues. This allows expression and reflection on how socio-political context is impacting queer youths hopes and anxieties for future
- Emotions can, at times, function as a starting point for more explicitly political engagements where sad girl music becomes associated with left-wing politics
- Music as a form of resistance = importance not just for world but wellbeing beyond individual context
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Cardiopulmonary System (brief overview)
- Air comes through mouth through inspiration and leaves through expiration
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Systole
(heart contraction) - low O2 blood goes from heart (r) to the lungs
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Diastole
(heart relaxation) - O2 rich blood goes from lungs to heart (L)
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Energetic Anatomy of Breath: TCM
- Qi = life energy, but also
○ Air
○ Breathing restores and replenishes Qi
Lung <--> Skin connection
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Breath Focused Mindfulness (BFM) study
Does BFM work as a top down emotion regulation strategy
○ Attentional control scale
○ Mindful attention awarness scale
○ Measured ERPs (event-related potentials) will doing BFM
BFM while looking at "affective pictures"
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What are ERP's?
- Postsynatpic voltage changes
- Pyramidal neurons (excitatory cells)
○ Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala
Measuring the timing of cognitive arousal
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"affective pictures"
- 180 images from chinese affective picture system
○ Positive events (ppl smiling)
○ Negative events (a car crash)
○ Neutral events (household objects)
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Result of BFM mindfulness study
- Neutral images produces less ERP than positive or negative images
- During BFM, P1 and N2 for positive and negative pictures decreased
- BFM attenuated N2 amplitutdes for positive and negative pictures
- Trait mindfulness linked with N2 aplitutes for emotional pictures only in BFM condition (not control)
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Breath “texture”
the subjective quality of breath often described by the sound or feel of breath in one’s body. For example, a raspy or uneven breathing would describe its texture.
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“animal soul,”
the sort of core element of human nature. It speaks to the connection between breath and other primary physiological functions, like digestion and defecation. This concept links the scientific anatomy of breath (vagus nerve) with an energetic anatomy of breathing via TCM.
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P1 and N2 are different amplitudes of this activity. what are each of them
P1 typically indicates that a stimulus (image, sound, texture etc) has been recognized, and N2 that that stimulus is being encoded. These are functions that tell us about the temporal processes of emotion regulation in the particular study.
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Tihei Mauri ora
tane seeking out female energy (he had only brothers)
Tane = press noses with the female to breathe essence into her life force
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In a Maori worldview, hauora is more than health and wellbeing machine. It is...
- Its connected to Haa = breath
- Hau = whakapapa
- Sets into world of wairua, Mauri
- "us" as part of greater collective
- Allows us to see the world differently, see that we are ecological, part of a system
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Benefits of mirimiri (and what is it)
Symptomatic level where muscular and joint massage can improve mobility and also...do not need to name trauma/talk about it, can just let it go
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Whakapapa of the first breath
Haa - physical and metaphysical
Breath as life, spirit and connection
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Karakia
- Connection, invocation, ritualistic, opportunity to be in the moment, to open/close
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Karakia as Health and Safety in practice
- Reframing health and safety beyond compliance
Karakia itself is not culturally safe practice, but it is a pathway towards it
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Physical understanding of water
- We should drink 2-3L of water per day
- Water helps our blood carry glucose, oxygen, and amino acids to muscles
- Water regulates temperature
- Water cousins joints (synovial fluid)
Helps break down food, absorb nutrients
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How is water essential for neural excitability
Electrolytes (charged particles like Na+, K+) dissolved in water and are responsible for propagation of action potential. If there isnt water through which these ions can flow, the generation of action potentials is less effective
Electrical activity can no longer occur
…every thought, movement, emotion flow with and through water at a very basic biological level
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Symbolic Interactionism
People act towards things based on the meanings those things have for them (symbols)
- Symbols are metaphors/representations of something else
- Meanings arise from social interactions
- People interpret and modify meanings through ongoing social processes
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Water bottles & baptism, symbolic interactionism
Become a symbol of health practice - meaning can change in different contexts but generally positive relationship.
Holy Water/baptism
- Water carries religious meaning, symbol of cleansing, spiritual purity
- May interpret this as an important spiritual moment for family
- Spiritual/cultural contexts can mean water has different symbols in different contexts
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Sensing water study (how people engage with blue spaces)
Talked to sea swimmers & surfers
- In-situ ethnography and in-depth narrative interviews
Identified 3 key ways in which water could give meaning to these peoples lives
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3 key ways in which water gives meaning to peoples lives (based on the study)
Sensing bodies (mindful, somatic awareness) - "I still swim in a pool but just for exercise, its boring. The sea is different"
Sensing emotions - "Its understanding you're dealing with an ever-changing ocean and emotions are also forever changing, understanding about ebbs and flows of emotions. Its not even about swimming"
Sensing place - "Deeper awareness of place through embodiment practices, material things, and temporal attunement (tide, moons, wind)" - and connection to their oceans
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Baseline privileges of blue spaces research
- Access to safe & clean water
- Ability to swim (knowledge to swim/surf)
- Reliant on resource of time
Basis of positive relationship with water (safety, pollutions, scared)
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Environmental justice theory
○ Marginalised groups bear the brunt of environmental harms
Including those related to water, pollution, shortages etc (our access to clean water is NOT apolitical)
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Tragedy of the commons
○ Individualism puts shared resources at risk
Individual immediate benefit prioritised over long-term group benefit
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Ecopsychology
Human wellbeing is interconnected with the health of the natural world
Our attitudes, beliefs, values etc are constructed in tandem with our natural environments
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3 aspects of human-environment intra-action
Biophilia hypothesis
Place attachment
Environmental identity
These have developed from liberal, Western consciousness
Western world attempting to meet indigenous worldviews, these theories claim "new knowledge" but have been known for millennia by indigenous peoples
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Biophilia hypothesis
humans have innate emotional connection to nature
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Place attachment (and water)
emotional bonds with place influence behaviour
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Environmental identity (and water)
sense of self shaped by relationship with environment
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Interaction vs intraction
Interaction - still proposes that humans and the environment are seperate.
Intra-action - Humans & environment are part of a whole, aligns with TMC, ayurveda, matauranga
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Te Awa Tupura - Whanganui River
- Considered by local iwi as a living ancestor (Atu Matua, Hongi)
- Te Tiriti infraction by the crown (taking up resources, unregulated fishing, legislative disagreements on ownership between crown and treaty)
Established a legal personhood of the river (same rights as human being)
Health of river = peoples health
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Minds of Water
"If wellbeing is a conscious, subjective state. How do beings without "consciousness" experience wellness?
Water is not just "bodies" but a consciousness.
Water consciousness
- Looked at water molecules and how words could change shape of molecules'
Concluded not only does water impact us, we have a material impact on water
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"diet" culture
- Places that see thinness as beauty, worthiness, and goodness
- We tie moral value to thin size
We are all held to unrealistic beauty ideals about what it means to be attractive
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What does it mean that eating disorder is a spectrum
Criteria = can be exclusionary
DSM-5 does have catch all categories (other specified feeding or eating disorders)
it’s a spectrum
A bunch of people who do not meet clinical criteria but are still really struggling and deserving of clinical health
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Diet culture wears a mask as wellness
- We are told that thin = healthy and well (science does NOT support this)
Sits within broader discourses of neoliberalism and healthism (as personal responsibility
To be thin = healthy. To be healthy = personal responsbility. Diet culture tells this is through anrrowing and restricting food choices
- "science" tells us what is "right" to eat
Food becomes something to fail at - can invoke feelings of guilt and shame
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Where do we see diet culture
Social media, tiktok, instagram reels
○ Which gives us wildly conflicting ideas. Makes it confusing to work out what we're supposed to be eating
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Diet culture & capitalism/hustle culture
- We are told that we need to spend $$$ to be healthy - supplements, juice cleanse, reformer Pilates membership
- Or dedicate significant proportion of our day to wellbeing (getting up at 4am)
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Important approach to individuals caught up in diet/hustle culture
Do not damn individual choice, but critical on societal level as standard and expectation
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Alternative ways to conceptualise kai
- Food as fuel, food as medicine. You are not well, to get well, think of food as medicine
But - kind of narrow
- Food is how we connect with one another, its how we celebrate, how we feel better are feeling down
Whanaunatanga (connecting) manaakitanga (caring)
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How do we move towards food freedom
Intuitive eating. 2 key parts are rejecting diet mentality and honoring ones hunger.
Reject
- Reject idea that thin = beauty and goodness. Directly challenge
Honor hunger
- § We CAN trust our body if we make peace with food and don't cut anything out
§ Forbidden = compelling
§ Our body will send us messages about what will be good for it if we are able to listen
§ However, we are trained out of listening (ie., hungry just before dinner. Mum says don’t eat, trained out of listening to body cues = example of EMBODYING diet culture)
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How can we reconcile diet culture ideas in the CONTEXT of capitalism
- From a health promotion perspective, we can't untangle diet culture from a need to have good quality access to range of foods
○ Tied in with taxes on fruit and veggie
○ Fast food restaurant's inequitably located
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Tools we can use to help with intuitive eating
- Hunger fullness scales (building ability in any given moment to tune into how hungry or full you feel tight now)
Can be difficult, but possible with practice
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4 types of hunger
- Physical hunger
- Taste hunger (craving)
- Emotional hunger (to feel better)
Practical hunger (for later)
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What does it mean that weight is a bad proxy to health
- Weight = shortcut (proxy measure, used as a substitute for something else)
Relationship between weight and measures of health not 1:1
Other, better signs of health are...
- Life enhancing movement
- Health enhancement
- Respectful care
- Eating for well-being
Weight inclusively
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Te mana o te tinana (bodies from a maori perspective historically)
- When theorising about bodies from a Maori perspective, there remains limited access to our knowledge because colonisation has violently supressed our intergenerational transmission of mātauranga and pūrakau around Maori bodily tikanga, especially for wahine maori
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What does body image CURRENTLY mean from a Maori perspective
With colonisation was not just suppression of language and knowledges
- But oppression about how we understood bodies to be worthy
○ Traditionally in Te Ao Maori, appearance not big but more our ability to care for other people
○ But we live now in settler colonial sociey so maori have to grapple with western beauty ideas
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Atua Wahine (papatuanuku) & body image
- Not thin woman
- Bigness in mana, bigness in size
Broader conceptualisation of what kinds of bodies are beautiful
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If intuitive eating is too hard to start, where to start
Any practice that builds interoception. Going from body --> brain rather than brain --> body
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What is digital disconnection
Subjective, depends on context, lots of ways to engage, and is a spectrum (full detox, etc)
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Purported wellbeing benefits of digital disconnection
- More productive
- Self esteem/image
- Attention span
Less cognitive load
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2 core reasons to disengage from devices
1. Spend more quality (and better) quality time with family and friends
2. Stepping away from social media to avoid negative content
○ Racism, political views
Not about PURSUING wellbeing but AVOIDING illbeing
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"Digital Detox"
- More extreme version of getting rid of digital things in your life for a given time
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What is a critique of digital detox
not used to intrinsically promote wellbeing, but rather as a means to contribute to society, increase our ability & quality of WORK
- We need to "do more"
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How does our limbic system intersect with digital behaviours
We become habituated to digital behaviours
- We remember this might be a safe emotional way to engage with the world, and become accustomed to it
- Our amygdala and hippocampus are involved in this
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What happens to our brain when we do full digital detox
When we digital detox and immediately stop these behaviours = huge pendulum swing that may not be great for wellbeing
- May perceive it as a threat, as social rejections
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Limbic capitalism
- The ways in which digital worlds are constructed to profit of emotional manipulations
And various systems in the world that prevent us from disengaging (not easy to unsubscribe from things)
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What does it mean that digital disconnection is frame as virtuous
Different ways of digitally disconnecting can make us feel like we are GOOD people
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How is generative AI used in healthcare
Triage tool, checkboard to guide referrals. Many patients (especially ethnic and vulnerable populations) find it easier to talk to AI
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Cognitive offloading
Outsourcing information, offloading different tasks to gen AI can lead to decline in cog capacity
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Study on EEG, writing without assistance, the internet, and AI
chatGPT group = lowest neural engagement, less reigons & less networks
Memory: Fewer details recalled later in chatGPT group
This indicates when using gen AI for assistance, certain cognitive DEBT from offloading struggles
- May make test in the moment easy
- But when using knowledge later, harder
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Long term potentiation and gen AI
Learning is the result of strong synaptic connections that form when
- Signals are strong enough
- Signals arrive often enough
This is long term potentiation, when offloading cognitive tasks = Shallow learning
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Desirable difficulties
The more difficult tasks are, the more cognitive gain (as higher engagement = longer and stronger connections). Excessive reliance on Gen AI, we no longer go through these difficulties when learning and dont give our brain opportunity to develop strong & broad brain networks.
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How might gen AI lead to reduction in info fluency
Knowledge from gen AI is not TRULY ours and can be difficult to contextualise, leads to disengagement and lowers capacity to be able to use this info in different contexts
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AI and biases
2 things
- We have our own biasses, and other peoples opinions fight back against them, but Gen AI is more likely to reflect ours back, and feed then
- Stereotyped ideas are built into gen AI as they are trained on biassed data, with no moral and ehtic sense
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Gen AI and trust
Declining trust in scientific experts
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Gen AI and creativity
- AI assistance enables people to generate more ideas
- AI-generated ideas are perceived as higher in quality (but arent)
Diversity reduction and higher potential for bias formation
137
Human scaffolding approach
○ Designed to scaffold users rather than giving answers immediately
○ Ability to process huge amounts of data
More opportunity for early interventions as can process heaps of thing
138
- "Digital doubles" in healthcare
A lot of medications work for some peoples and not others, our bodies are all different
Some people have high functioning enzyme, others are lower, digital doubles can help customise medicine and healthcare strategies for future
139
Democratising creativity
○ Can be used as a teacher to teach new skills, boost creativity, learn new things
○ Creativity so crucial for wellbeing, using GEN AI to learn smth new, and smth we've not done before can be great for wellbeing and creativity
140
Risks of AI with human connection
- Polarisation
- Filter bubbles
- Echo chambers
- Bias amplification
141
How can we use AI to support our wellbeing
- Seek "desirable difficulty"
- Verify and contextualise
- Force divergence
- Use AI as springboard
- Use AI to enhance human connection
- Use AI to lower boundaries to exploration
- Practice AI mindfulnessfiG
- Practice AI fasting
PSYC212
flashcards
Decks in class (2)
# Cards
