1
Q
gram negative stains indicate
A
environmental in nature (e-coli)
2
Q
Gram positive indicates
A
contagious -requires further testing (strep)
3
Q
Gram + and Gram - test
A
staining on blood agar
4
Q
primary environmental pathogens include
A
coliform and streptococci
5
Q
prototheca
A
water loving- grows in cooling ponds, wet bedding, etc
6
Q
coliform infection length
A
50% last less than 10 days, 70% less than 30, 13% become chronic
7
Q
Streptococci Infection length
A
60% less than 30 days, 18% become chronic
8
Q
Major contagious pathogens
A
Streptococcus agalacia. staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma
9
Q
Streptococcus agalacia is
A
treatable- cow to cow contamination from milking tools
10
Q
Staphylococcus aureus treatment
A
culling or milking last through penning them separate - very ineffective treatment
11
Q
mycoplasma treatment
A
none- inhabits respiratory tract, vagina, mucous membranes, and udders
12
Q
Visual signs of mastitis
A
flakes and clots in milk, swelling of udder, abnormally hot udder, fever, decreased milk production and appetite
13
Q
subclinical mastitis
A
elevated SCC and milk culture results- no visual signs
most costly form of mastitis
14
Q
for every clinical case of mastitis there are
A
15-40 subclinical cases
15
Q
what phase is mastitis more common in
A
dry period
16
Q
if a quarter is infected at drying off what capacity will it preform at
A
60-70%
17
Q
four ways to eliminate mastitis
A
culling, treatment at dry off, treatment in lactation, spontaneous recover
18
Q
proper milking vacuum
A
11-12 inches Hg
19
Q
Pulsation ratio of milk
A
preferred 60:40 milk: rest ratio
20
Q
Why do you want to feed cows right after milking
A
to keep them standing for an hour after- prevents bacteria from bedding from entering the teats
21
Q
Passive immunity obtained through
A
colosseum/ in utero or through blood transfusion
22
Q
longevity of passive immunity relies on
A
amount passed, the type of antibody, and what disease its for
23
Q
how long does colostrum immunity last for
A
2-3 months
24
Q
Active immunity
A
longer lived immunity ( 6 months - a lifetime)
25
what disease has a lifetime immunity
Harry heel warts disease
26
active immunity obtained through
having and healing or vaccines
27
our focus on immunity and diseases today is
preventing the problem and understanding the cause of diseases
- regionalized
28
prevention of disease allows for
optimal milk, decreased antibiotic use, decreased culling, and less cost/ waste of dump milk.
29
what diseases are the highest vaccinated for
respiratory disease
- BVD, IBR, PI3, and BRSV all have similar rates bc they're usually combines
30
brucellosis vaccine
zoonotic- federally regulated but dropping bc states are becoming " free states"
31
Hemophilus Somnus
bacterial
32
Leptospirosis
Regional- loves water
33
E. coli Mastitis
given before dry off
34
Clostridia
Sudden death w/ high level or mortality- no preceding symptoms
35
Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis
Johnes disease
36
Johnes disease vaccine is rarely given because:
it is very inefficient and has low protection
37
why is the % of non vaccinated cows increasing
push for non antibiotic meats
large farms can be closed farms
- once you reach a certain % protection you dont need to vaccinate
38
Why are closed farms a problem sometimes?
Just because they have a certain amount of protection, other animals can become hosts and pass it on to non vaccinated cows
39
Why are pregnant cows not highly vaccinated
modified live are most effective vaccines but they're problematic for pregnancies and can cause abortions- try to give everything at 11-12 month period to avoid
40
Viral agents often cause
respiratory and reproductive problems
41
Respiratiory complex includes
BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV
42
why is BRD complex some of the most costly diseases
reproductive inefficiency
- can be subclinical until abortion storm
43
BRD symptoms
nasal/ eye discharge
labored or open mouth breath
fever
- low mortality alone but lead to secondary infections
44
number one cause of death 24 hours of birth - weaning
scours
- causes dehydration and mineral imbalance causes heart to stop
45
number 1 cause of death post weaning - 2 years old
respiratory diseases
46
BVDPI
BDV - persistent infector
47
BVDPI immunotolerance- early gestation (<40 days)
calf accepts BVD as part of their immune system
- heifer came in contact with BVD after pregnant
Calf sheds millions of BVD particles to everyone- won't notice until calf is a new weeks old
48
BVDPI- mid gestation ( 60-190 days)
abortion or calf develops congenital abnormalities
49
BVDPI (late gestation- 160d - birth)
Abortion or normal birth with antibodies (immunity)
50
BVDPI occurs within
30-125 days of gestation
51
3 month period of BVD PIs
Cant be tested in utero, testing not valid until 3 months due to colostral transfer
52
Clostridial bacterias
blackleg, red water, enterotoxemia, overeating, tetanus
53
clostridials are common in :
soil and intestinal tract: conditions to promote rapid bacteria growth
54
what is often the only symptom of clostridial
sudden death
55
Leptospirosis commonly called
hardjo
56
Leptospirosis causes
late term abortions: economic loss from fetus loss and resulting infertility
57
Clinical diseases preceding lepto abortions- calves
fever anemia red urine and death
58
Clinical diseases preceding lepto abortion- cows
yellow milk and reduced milk
59
Clinical diseases preceding lepto abortion- all
shed in urine
60
Brucellosis transmission
zoonotic through raw milk or broken skin contact with blood, urine, placenta or inhaling infectious aerosols
61
4 months vaccines
IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI3,
- MLV: combo,
Lepto
62
6 months vaccines
clostridium- 7 or 8 way
deworm
63
7 months
BANGS- brucellosis
64
9 months
IBR/BVD/BRSV/PI3
- MLV: Combo
Lepto
65
12 months
IBR,BVD,BRSV, PI3
- MLV or killed
Deworm
Clostridium
66
Cows turning dry, heifer 60d from calving, and purchased cows should receive
IBR, BVD,BRSV, PI3
- MLVs were known for abortion
Lepto
Deworm
Clostrium- 7 or 8 way
67
Cows about to freshen- 1 week after dry off date
scourgard- calf scours
J5 Vac- ecoli and mastitis
68
3 weeks prior to due date
Scour gard and J5 Vac
69
At calving:
J5 vac
70
Isolate new animals from herd for
~30 - 60 days
71
vaccine program failure factors
nutritions, enviornmental conditions, improper handling, stress factors, failure to boost, vaccines given too late
72
Bovine Tuberculosis
zoonotic- can live in manure for 1-8 weeks
killed by sunlight
73
TB testing in georgia is perfomred
at packer: out of state shipping requires testing
GA is TB free state
74
Johnes clinical signs
super thin animal that is still eating
bottle jaw- ball under chin
75
Concentrates consist of
energy, protein, micro-ingredients
76
Forages consist of
Hay silage and pasture
77
Concentrates supplemented with
forages- most grow their forages and buy concentrates
78
concentrates are more
costly
79
concentrates provide:
energy, protein, minerals, fat soluble vitamins
80
top two limiting milk production factors
energy and protein
81
prices of concentrates are based on
market predictions- not always accurate
82
concentrates (grains) include
ground corn- number 1
sorghum grain
milo
83
concentrates protein sources
soybeans and canola meal
84
whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal are high in
energy, fiber, and protein
85
Cottonseed contains Gossypol, why is this bad?
Causes fertility issues try to limit to 10% inclusion
86
Cottonseed hulls are high in
energy and fiber but low in protein
87
protein feeds ranked
soybean meal
whole cottonseed
cottonseed meal
soybean seed
peanut meal
canola meal
88
micro ingredients
normally premixed so you can buy them as is
89
feed costs represent how much of dairy fairy costs
40-60%
90
by product feeds are
feeds fed to ruminants that are by products of human food products
91
examples of by products
citrus pulp, cereal, potato waste, chocolate waste, carrots, grapes
92
by product feeds ranked
soy bean hulls
cotton seed hulls
dried citrus pulp
wheat by-products
peanut hulls
dried beet pulp
93
ideal ratio of forage : concentrates for producers
60:40
- 50/50 causes acidosis
94
forage concentrates in dry cows and heifers
80-100% forage dont need as much nutrients
95
importance of forages in diet
forces ruminants to chew and produce saliva
saliva produces bicarbonate which is a ph buffer
keeps rumen from becoming too acidic- acidosis
96
legumes include
alfalfa, clovers
97
legume protein and energy
protein: 20+
energy: .60
98
Grass protein and energy
protein: 16-17
energy .55
99
Small grain examples
wheat silage, barley, oat hay
100
small grain protein and energy
protein : 12-16
energy : .60
101
corn silage examples
corn silage, maize silage
102
COrn silage protein and energy
protein: 8
Energy : .72
103
highest forages in SE USA
corn (66.7) and alfala (41.7)
sorghum in warm weather (31.7)
104
How should you switch between forages
transition slowly to maintain gut health
105
why is rye forage better than other options
you can harvest the seed: better for energy
106
Hay major issue
moisture content 15-18% very dry causes field harvest loses
107
why is moisture higher than 20% in hay bad
increases risk of heating and spoilage
108
what hay is most often fed to lactating cows
legume hay
109
what is silage
plant material that has undergone fermentation
110
advantages of silage
less field and harvest loss
large variety
long storage time
easier harvest
111
silage disadvantage
requires expensive equipment
excessive losses if not stored well
not marketable
must be fed quickly after leaving silo
112
goal of insiling
oxygen is removed
anaerobic production of acetic and lactic acid
113
what pH should silage be at
3.6-4.2
114
upright silo disadvantage
carbon dioxide piles up and can cause people to pass out in silo
can randomly explode
115
bunker silo
three walls concrete pack silage in and feed out open side
116
trench
built into the earth use the ground as the walls
117
rollover piles
flat space, roll heavy equipment over it, no sides
118
criteria for selection
production and type
119
production selection includes
milk, fat, or protein production
120
Type selection includes
for show ring or functional
- udder, feed and legs, frame, etc
121
Historically through selection you will see
struggle in mirroring both, focus on one and the other gets neglected
122
Selecting for milk yield alone ___ herd life days
decreases by 306
122
123
selecting for a combination of milk yield and functionality ____ herd life
increases by about 510
124
Productive life heritability
very low- environmentally influenced
125
SCS
pretty good heritability
126
only health trait with heritability more than .015
mastitis
127
Delta F
the rate of inbreeding
128
effect of inbreeding on milk production
milk reduced 50 lbs per lactation per 1% F
129
Calf mortality rate vs inbreeding
for every 1% F calf mortality increases 2%
130
genetic change =
(accuracy of selection) (selection intensity)(variation) / genetic intervals
131
transmitting ability based on 3 factors
genetic merit of parent, performance of the animal itself, distribution of trait in progeny
132
PTAs are modified
every 5 year to calibrate to genetic progress
133
What is comparing through contemporaries
animals from the same environment so environmental issues affect all cows in the same way
134
reliability typically increases with
more daughters in more herds
135
Dairy Production
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
# Cards
