test 2

Question 1

Bottleneck

Answer 1

The gene pool is significantly reduced. Relatively small allele diversity remains.

Question 2

Genetic Drift

Answer 2

Changing of allele frequencies over time due to random mating. Not a violation of H-W because it is accounted for by randomness.

Question 3

Gene Flow

Answer 3

Movement of individuals into and out of populations. One way that allele diversity can increase (versus mutation).

Question 4

Assortative Mating

Answer 4

Individuals are more likely to mate with those that have a similar phenotype.

Question 5

Disassortative Mating

Answer 5

Individuals are more likely to mate with those that have a different phenotype.

Question 6

Assotative Mating

Answer 6

Assortative Mating and Disassortative Mating

Question 7

Sexual Selection

Answer 7

Natural selection that favors individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates. Can be female choice, or male-male competition.

Question 8

Inbreeding

Answer 8

Mating of individuals who share a recent common ancestor. Can cause inbreeding depression.

Question 9

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Answer 9

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 10

Biological Species concept

Answer 10

Individuals of the same species must be able to breed and create fertile offspring.

Question 11

Prezygotic Isolation

Answer 11

Prevention of individuals from mating and producing a zygote. (temporal, habitat, behavioral, gametic barrier, mechanical)

Question 12

Postzygotic Isolation

Answer 12

Offspring of individuals do not survive or reproduce. (Viability, sterility) ex Mule

Question 13

Morphospecies concept

Answer 13

Differences between groups in size, shape, morphology, behaviors, indicate the two groups are different species.

Question 14

Phylogenetic Species concept

Answer 14

Species determined by having distinctions from other groups, whether morphological, genetic, or behavioral.

Question 15

Phenetics

Answer 15

Grouping of species by similarity of traits, whether those traits are ancestral or more recently derived

Question 16

Cladistics

Answer 16

Grouping of species by shared, recently derived characters only.

Question 17

Parsimony

Answer 17

The most likely explanation is the one that requires the least amount of change

Question 18

Allopatric speciation

Answer 18

Groups are separated by a physical barrier, either geological (vicariance) or due to emigration (dispersal), and become new species

Question 19

Sympatric speciation

Answer 19

Species are created in an area where there is no physical barrier, meaning they can interbreed

Question 20

Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae

Answer 20

Chloroplasts, multiple membrane layers in chloroplasts, cellulose cell wall, starch as energy storage

Question 21

Cyanobacteria

Answer 21

Prokaryote and the first to evolve photosynthesis

Question 22

Non-vascular plants without cuticle

Answer 22

Chlorophyta. Green algae which is purely aquatic

Question 23

Non-vascular plants with cuticle

Answer 23

Mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts and hornworts. First to have stoma. Water transported by diffusion

Question 24

Vascular seedless plants

Answer 24

Ferns (Pteridophyta), club mosses, horsetails, whisk ferns. Still depends on flagellated sperm for reproduction- must live in moist environments.

Question 25

Vascular naked seed plants (Gymnosperms)

Answer 25

Pines/Etc (Coniferophyta), Cycads, Ginkgos, Gnetophytes. Innovation of pollen allows for greater freedom of sexual reproduction on land.

Question 26

Vascular plants with fruit covered seeds (Angiosperms)

Answer 26

Anthophyta. Fruit increases the dispersion of seeds. Largest number of species of all plants.

Question 27

Dicot

Answer 27

2 leaves at germination, a circular arrangement of vascular bundles, branching leaf veins, and petals in multiples of 4 or 5

Question 28

Monocot

Answer 28

1 leaf at germination, scattered vascular bundles, parallel leaf veins, and flower petals in multiples of 3

Question 29

Tap root system

Answer 29

long central shaft to store nutrients and reach deeper water tables

Question 30

Fibrous/Diffuse root system

Answer 30

Primary function is to support plant, secondarily to access a more shallow water supply

Question 31

Tuber

Answer 31

sweet potato (swollen, energy-storing roots)

Question 32

Adventitious (prop) root systems

Answer 32

root emerges from stem just above ground to help support plants in shallow soils

Question 33

Snorkel roots (pneumatophores)

Answer 33

emerge below ground but rise above ground to obtain oxygen for respiration within the root. Usually present in species that have roots in water saturated soil or standing water.

Question 34

Stem/Trunk/Shoot

Answer 34

above ground part of plant with leaves or nodes

Question 35

Axial

Answer 35

Central column with spire shape for strength and shedding snows (spruces); palm trunks are bare to reduce lateral wind pressure in tropical storms

Question 36

Dendritic

Answer 36

Sub-branching (for greater photoreception)

Question 37

Buttressed

Answer 37

greater support in thin tropical soils

Question 38

Meristematic cells

Answer 38

undifferentiated cells dividing frequently at root/stem tip and cambium

Question 39

Parenchyma cells

Answer 39

most common mature plant cell. make up the Phloem cells

Question 40

Collenchyma cells

Answer 40

function in support of vascular bundles

Question 41

Sclerenchyma cells

Answer 41

Non-growth areas of the tree. Fibrous tissue or tough material like nut shells

Question 42

Epidermis

Answer 42

Outer layer of a leaf. Waxy cuticle, stomata