may be unable to discriminate between differences in speech sounds or sound segment sat signify differences in words. May cause reading or spelling difficulties. Common in children with language impairments and may affect reading.
Phonology
What is an example of phonology?
Pen may sound exactly like pin
rules and sequencing of individual speech sounds and how they are produced
Phonemes
- problems using the structure of words to get or give information. -length of utterances is shorter because plurals, verb markers, and affixes are missing.
- unable to be specific in communications
Morphology
- the smallest meaningful unit of speech. Bill has one of these, but when an s is added the word now has two of these.
Morphemes
What is an example of morphology?
-may not use -ed for past tense or -s for plural.
- Errors involving word order, such as ordering words in a manner that does not convey meaning to the listener, using immature structures for a given age, misusing negatives, or omitting structures.
Syntax
What is an example of problems with syntax?
“where one them park at?” “Him sick.” “Him no go.” “He go now.”
- difficulties using words singly or together in sentences.
- difficulty with multiple-meaning words and have restricted meanings for words
- problems with time and space words, cause and effect words, and inclusion vs exclusion
- May rely on words with unspecific meaning
Semantics
What is an example of problems with semantics?
Difficulties with words including night, tiny, all, none. May have difficulties with understanding “push button, ball goes”. Often use words like “thing, that”.
- focuses on the social use of language- the communication between a speaker and a listener. Include eye contact, body language, maintaining a topic, and taking turns in conversation.
Pragmatics
What are examples of problems with pragmatics?
Not letting anyone else talk,
- comments that are unrelated
- questions at inappropriate time. May have autism or traumatic brain injury
- used by IDEA to refer to a condition that is accompanied by one or more characteristics over a long time and to a marked degree and that affects a child’s educational performance
emotional disturbance
Under idea, the student may have difficulties building relationships, have inappropriate behaviors under normal circumstances, have a depressed mood, or may be fearful if they have an…
emotional or behavioral disorder
- include 7 different strategies for adult-child interactions to provide learning opportunities
Facilitative Language Strategies
- adult highlights the difference between the child’s speech and the adults.
Focused contrast
- helps a child learn a language or speech structure he doesn’t yet use. If the structure is -s the adult may use it describe the plurals in the ongoing activity, highlighting them with extra emphasis.
Modeling
- provide an ongoing description of an activity, like a sportscaster might. Events can be what the child is doing. Example: during dress up saying you are putting on the dress. Now you are putting on the shoes.
Event Casts
- questions that have a variety of possible answers. Example: what do you think happens next?
Open Questions
- adult repeats the child’s utterance, filling in the missing components. Example: “two horse” the adult will say “two brown horses”
Expansions
- adult keeps the child’s basic meaning but changes the structure or grammar of the utterance. Example: “he has juice” adult will say “yes, he is drinking juice now.”
Recasts
-encourage children to interact with each other. When a child makes a request that could be made to another child, the adult redirects them to another classmate
Redirects and Prompted Initiations
-tool that helps visualize information in an organized fashion. Help students to provide visual aids to facilitate learning and teaching
Graphic Organizer
Depict similarities/differences among key concepts
Comparative organizers
