What is learning defined as?
relatively permanent change in behavior
Learning involves changes in behavior that persist over time.
Who discovered Classical Conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov’s experiments with dogs led to the discovery of classical conditioning.
In Classical Conditioning, what is the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?
naturally triggers a response
The UCS is a stimulus that elicits a natural response without prior learning.
What does Unconditioned Response (UCR) refer to?
natural response
The UCR is the automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
previously neutral, triggers response after being paired with UCS
The CS becomes associated with the UCS through conditioning.
Define Conditioned Response (CR).
learned response: Salivation to Bell
The CR is the learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus.
What is Stimulus Generalization in Classical Conditioning?
responding similarly to stimuli resembling the CS
For example, a dog salivating to a doorbell sound similar to the original bell.
What does Stimulus Discrimination mean?
ability to respond only to specific CS
This process allows differentiation between similar stimuli.
What is Extinction in the context of Classical Conditioning?
no longer pairing leads to learned response fading
Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Define Spontaneous Recovery.
reappearance of CR after a pause
This phenomenon can occur after a period of extinction.
What are Conditioned Emotional Responses?
emotional reactions learned through conditioning
Examples include fear or happiness associated with specific stimuli.
What did John B. Watson demonstrate in the Little Albert Experiment?
emotional conditioning using a white rat and loud noise
Watson’s experiment showed how fear can be conditioned in humans.
In the Little Albert Experiment, what was the Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
white rat
The white rat became a CS after being paired with a loud noise.
What was the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) in the Little Albert Experiment?
loud noise
The loud noise naturally elicited fear in Little Albert.
What was the Conditioned Response (CR) observed in Little Albert?
fear of similar white objects
Albert developed a fear of white rats and other similar stimuli.
