1
Q
two types of glands:
A
endocrine - synthesize and release hormonoes - epithelial tissue
endocrine (epithelial tissue)- secretions through excretory ducts, contents modified in duct
2
Q
classification of exocrine glands
A
based on the type of secretion, mode of secretion, and cell numbers
3
Q
type of secretion (exocrine)
A
mucous, serous, mixed, sebaceous
4
Q
mode of secretion (exocrine)
A
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
5
Q
mucous glands
A
-Secrete mucinogens, large glycosylated proteins (PAS positive), that when hydrated form a thick (viscous), protective fluid called mucin. Mucin is a component of mucus.
-Examples, include goblet cells and mucous cells of the stomach
-Mucus can form plugs – example, respiratory passageways of asthmatics
-nucleus on/near basement membrance ands ecretory product on top (clear)
MOSTLY CLEAR STAINING
6
Q
serous glands
A
-Secretions are watery in consistency and enriched with enzymes
-Examples are parotid gland and exocrine pancreas, salivary glands
ACIDOPHILIC- DARKER
7
Q
mixed glands
A
- Contain serous and mucous secretory units
- Examples are submandibular and sublingual gland
8
Q
sebaceous glands
A
- glands of the skin secrete a waxy, oily substance called sebum – HORMONE activity acne vulgaris
- nucleus in center of cell and clear (secretory product) around
9
Q
merocrine
A
- Occurs via exocytosis; no loss of plasmalemma or cytoplasm
- Most common mode of secretion
- also mammary glad uses
10
Q
apocrine
A
- Secretory product is released along with apical cytoplasm and apical plasmalemma
- Lipids from the lactating mammary glands are secreted in this manner.
11
Q
holocrine
A
- The entire cell and its secretory product is released
- Cells of sebaceous glands
12
Q
acne
A
Hair shaft penetrates the hair follicle, eliciting inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Inflammatory cells, giant cell, and fibrosis are observed.
With hormones sebaceous glads get activated
13
Q
most common type of secretion
A
merocrine
14
Q
cell numbers (exocrine)
A
unicellular
multicellular
15
Q
unicellular
A
- Individual secretory cells are found in the epithelium
- Example is the goblet cell found in the GI tube and respiratory airways
16
Q
multicellular
A
- Multiple cells may be organized into secretory sheets (surface mucous cells lining stomach) or secretory tubules with no ducts
- Multiple cells may also organize into secretory units and ducts
- sheets, branching, tubular, coiled,
17
Q
classification of endocrine glands
A
based on shape of the secretory unit and nature of their duct system
18
Q
adenomas
A
bengin cancers
19
Q
adenocarcinomas
A
malignant cancers
20
Q
shape of secretory units
A
acinus (alveolus) - grape looking
tubular
can contain both
21
Q
duct system of secretory units
A
- simple - single, unbranched extratory duct conveys the secretory product from the secretory unit to the epithelial surface. Some simple glands do not possess a excretory duct (i.e., intestinal glands, glands of the stomach)
- compound - branching ducts exist which converge to form a single duct that opens onto the epithelial surface
22
Q
intralobar ducts
A
-found within the lobule of the exocrine gland - intercalated disks, striated ducts (not in all glands)
23
Q
interlobular ducts
A
found in the connective septa that separate lobules
24
Q
interlobar
A
receive the interlobular ducts and drain the lobes of the gland
25
main duct
the main duct - duh
26
Myoepithelial cells
- (basket cells) - contractile cells derived from the epithelium
- actin & myosin
- surround secretory units of multicellular glands (mammary, sweat, large salivary) and small ducts and share the basal lamina of these structres
- connected to the epithelial cells by desmosomes and gap junctions
- contraction = secretion from cell - calponin needed for contraction
27
what type of intermediate filament d oepithelial derived cells contain?
presence of cytokeratins
| confirms the epithelial origin of myoepithelial cells
28
compound glands
ducts are branched
29
example of single duct but tubular gland secretory units branched (still simple)
tongue and esophagus
30
parotid gland
- Classification – compound acinar
- Purely serous
- Intralobular ducts: intercalated and striated
- Interlobular ducts
- Mumps parotitis
31
submandibular gland
- Classification – compound tubuloacinar
- Mixed gland with secretions being primarily serous; demilune cells are serous cells. Note serous demilunes are artifacts of conventional fixation.
- Intralobular ducts: intercalated ducts are short and striated ducts are prominent
- Interlobular ducts
32
sublingual gland
- Classification – compound tubuloacinar
- Mixed gland with secretions being primarily mucus; serous cells almost exclusively exists as serous demilunes
- Intralobular ducts are less developed than those of other salivary glands
33
Sjögren syndrome
- autoimmune disease
- Patients have dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dry mouth (xerostomia)
- Occurs alone or with another autoimmune disease
- Salivary and lacrimal glands are infiltrated with predominately CD4+ T cells; glands become fibrotic
- Serologic marker antibodies are directed against two ribonucleoproteins: SS-A (Ro) and SS-B (La)
- Typically occurs in women between 50-60 years of age
- Difficulty swallowing, speaking, and tasting; cracked lips
- Parotid gland enlargement in 50%
- Lymph nodes are enlarged with B cell infiltration
- Extraglandular manifestations include synovitis, pulmonary fibrosis and peripheral neuropathy
34
pancreas
- Classification – compound acinar
- Similar to the parotid gland but is distinguished by the presence of islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets), centroacinar cells (unique to the pancreas), and the absence of striated ducts. NO STRIATED DUCTS
- Ducts: Intercalated ducts – centroacinar cells represent the intra-acinar segment of the intercalated duct; Larger intralobular ducts; Interlobular ducts; Duct cells secrete bicarbonate
35
ducts of the lobule
smallest to largest: intercalalted duct (simple cuboidal epith), striated duct (cuboidal to columnar epit; nucleus at basal domain and rest is highly acidophilic), intralobular duct (cuboidal to columnar epith; nucleus at center and acidophilic around; lots of CT)
36
ducts between lobules
interlobular ducts- pseudostratified columnar epith
37
serous demilunes
-found in mixed glands like submand or subling
conventional fixation --mucous parts are centrally located and serous are pushed out to periphery ARTIFACT - not found in life -
-if rapidly frozen then serous demilunes go away = serous are interspersed in the centrally located mucous parts
-dumps into intercalated disk
38
simple tubular EX
intestinal glands - intestinal glads of lieberkun
39
Unicellular EX
goblet cell
40
simple branched tubular EX
glands of the stomach
duodenal glands
uterus
41
multicellular sheet EX
luminal surface of stomach
42
simple acinar EX
paraurethral glands
43
simple branched acinar EX
sebaceous gland
44
simple coiled tubular EX
sweat glands
45
compound acinar EX
pncreas
| parotid
46
compound tubular EX
bulbourethral glands
47
compound tubuloacinar EX
submandibular
| sublingual
48
integument
largest organ - includes: skin, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair and nails
49
skin functions
- protect from microorg and dehydration
- reg of body temp
- reception -touch pressure pain and temp
- absorption of UV for Vit D
- excretion by sweat glands
50
thick skin
- thick epidermis - palms and soles
- no hair follicles, sebaceous, of arrector pili
- has sweat glands
- abrasion & wear/tear
- dome shaped ridges on surgace - fingerprints
51
thin skin
- thin epidermis - covers most of body
| - has hair follicles, arrector pili m, sebaceous and sweat glands
52
epidermis
- OUTERMOST layer - from ectoderm
- stratified squamous keratinized
- epidermal ridges to increase surface area and to stick to dermis via basement membrane (hemidesmosome)
- avascular - nutrients from dermal capillaries
- sensory nerve endings present
- damaged in first degree burns
53
strata of thin skin
THINNER- statum corneum
THINNER - stratum spinosum
stratum basale - mitosis area - cells get pushed up from here
54
strata of thick skin
- Stratum Corneum (protection)
- Stratum Lucidum (protection)
- Stratum Granulosum (waterproofing)
- Stratum Spinosum (binding, protection)
- Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
55
stratum corneum (THICK)
(protection) : Flattened, desiccated, keratinized, dead cells, thick layer. This layer becomes thicker in areas that are subject to unusual amounts of friction (resulting in callus formation); No nuclei or organelles in cells; Keratin filaments and amorphous matrix; No desmosomes between cells of surface layers to bind cells together, thus cellular remnants closest to the surface can easily desquamate. Continuously desquamate; Cells in deeper aspect of this stratum have desmosomes
- Stratum Lucidum (protection)
56
Stratum Lucidum (THICK)
LAYER 2: (protection):Is a subdivision of the stratum corneum, is a light-staining layer; Perceptible in thick skin; No organelles or nuclei, nonviable cells; Keratin filaments - dead cells
Tissue clear looking
57
Stratum Granulosum (THICK)
LAYER 3: (waterproofing): Cells contain nuclei, apoptotic nuclear morphology (fragmentation of DNA); Keratohyalin granules, consist of soft keratin (proteins); Membrane-coating granules (also called lamellar bodies, contain lipid); Exocytosis of lipid-rich substance to form sheets of waterproof material. This substance forms a permeability barrier and prevents the diffusion of nutrients in extracellular space from reaching the cells, thus it causes cells in more superficial layers to die of starvation
-DNA is degrading in these cells - about to die - release lipids which waterproof but also prevents spread of nutrients - above= dead cells
Diamond shaped cells -
58
Stratum Spinosum (THICK)
LAYER 4: (binding, protection): Thick, prominent stratum; Cells have interdigitating processes (intercellular bridges) (like “teeth of zipper") with desmosomes; "Prickle cell" (spiny) appearance; Bundles of intermediate filaments (tonofilaments) (cytokeratin); Tonofilaments in cells of upper layers form bundles (called tonofibrils); Membrane-coating granules (lamellar granules - contain lipid substance); Mitosis in basal layer of this stratum; Langerhans cells
Tissue: cells have spine-looking railroad tracks (desmosomes)
59
stratum basale (THICK)
LAYER 5: Germinativum: (cell renewal, anchors epidermis to basement membrane): Single layer of cells: Desmosomes bind cell membrane to all neighboring cell; Most intense mitotic activity occurs in this layer; Rests on basement membrane; Cells of this layer attach to basement membrane via hemidesmosomes
60
keratinocytes
- epithelial cells
- Most common cell type
- Continuous skin renewal by mitotic activity (at night) in cells of basal layers of epidermis
- Keratin filaments accumulate as cells approach the surface
- Desquamate (every 20 - 30 days)
61
Non keratinocytes of skin
- langerhans cells (dendritic cells)- defense
- merkel cells - mechanoreceptors
- melanocytes - protect DNA of skin
62
merkel cells
- nonkeratinocyte - mechanoreceptors
- They relay discriminative (fine, detailed) touch sensation about the texture and shape of objects
- Found among keratinocytes of the stratum basale
- Numerous in fingertips and hair follicles
- MYELINATED BUT Unmyelinated nerve terminals approach Merkel cells to form Merkel cell-neurite complexes
63
langerhans cells
-nonkeratinocytes - for defense
-Derived from precursors in the bone marrow -They pass into the bloodstream which
transports them to the skin
-Take up residence in the epidermis where they differentiate into Langerhans cells
-Reside mainly in stratum spinosum
-Have long, thin cytoplasmic processes which extend into the intercellular space
-Process antigens that enter the skin. Ag is phagocytized, processed and becomes attached to surface of Langerhans cell. Cell travels to a regional lymph node where these antigen-presenting cells interact with lymphocytes
-Birbeck granules (vermiform granules) - tennis racket looking
Tissue sections: cytoplasmic processes; birkeck granules-vessicle and rod(look like tennis racket)
64
melanocytes
-nonkeratinocytes - protect from sun damage
-Arise from neural crest cells
-Synthesize a pigment, melanin (natural sunscreen) and distribute it to neighboring keratinocytes
-Reside between cells in the stratum basale and superficial dermis
-Their cytoplasmic processes extend into the intercellular spaces of the stratum spinosum
-RER synthesize tyrosinase, which is then
packaged by GA into melanosomes
-Tyrosinase is activated by UV light; Tyrosine (a.a.) is transported into melanosomes where tyrosinase converts it into melanin
-The number of melanocytes varies in different areas of the skin (i.e., there are fewer melanocytes on the inside surface of the arms and thighs, and the palmar surface of the hand and plantar surface of the foot - than there are in the outer surface of the arms and thighs, and the dorsal surface of the hand and foot.
-The total number of melanocytes is about the same for all races. Pigmentation of the skin is due to tyrosinase activity, number of melanin granules, size, distribution, and rate of breakdown, rather than numbers of functional melanocytes.
-donate to basal and spinosum layer - its prcesses go into cells and release vessicles into cells
65
what glues epidermis to underlying dermis?
basement membrane
66
layers of dermis
papillary layer
| reticular layer
67
dermis detials
- connective tissue layer of skin - strength, -nutrition, defence, sensation, stretch, thermoreg
- Arises from mesoderm
- Provides structure and strength via a protein, collagen
- Dermal papillae extend into overlying epidermis where they interdigitate with epidermal ridges projecting into the dermis. Areas that are subject to increased mechanical stress (the palms of hands and soles of feet, covered by THICK skin) display prominent epidermal ridges, dermal papillae and true dermal ridges. True dermal ridges are oriented parallel to and lie in between dermal papillae. Dermal ridges are genetically unique and form the distinctive pattern of “fingerprints” and “footprints”
68
papillary layer
- Superficial layer of Dermis
- Forms dermal papillae that interdigitate with epidermal ridges
- Consists of a thin layer of loose CT, role in defense mechanism
- Type III collagen fibers = (RETICULAR fibers)
- Elastic fibers
- Anchoring fibrils (type VII collagen) extending from the basal lamina, anchor epidermis to dermis
- Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells
- Abundant capillary loops (for nutrition, thermoregulation)
- Meissner corpuscles - mechanoreceptors
- Krause end bulbs- function unclear
- Superficial second degree burns extend into this layer
69
meissner corpuscles
mechanoreceptors
70
capillary loop purpose
nutrition and thermoreg
71
reticular layer
- inner layer of dermis
- Dense irregular collagenous CT
- Type I collagen fibers, form bundles, have a regular orientation, form regular lines of tension (Langer’s lines) in skin, provide tensile strength. Surgical incisions oriented parallel to Langer’s lines produce minimal scaring
- Thick elastic fibers, stretch
- Proteoglycans - rich in dermatan sulfate
- Fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, fat cells
- Contains hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
- Pacinian corpuscles - detect pressure, vibrations
- Ruffini corpuscles - tensile forces (numerous in soles of feet)
- Deep second degree burns extend into this layer
72
hypodermis
- superficial fascia
- loose CT deep in dermis and is NOT part of the skin
- has adipose
- thrid degree burns here
73
eccrine sweat glands
- thermoregulation
- (“eccrine” refers to “how” the gland secretes: it squirts)
- Scattered throughout skin, secrete sweat, thermoregulation
- simple coiled tubular glands
- located deep in dermis or hypodermis
- Coiled duct opens into sweat pore on surface of epidermis
- Merocrine secretory method (“merocrine” indicates “what” is secreted)
- Innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers (sympathetic fibers “piggy-back” on the wall of arterial vessels to their destination), cholinergic endings
74
secretory segment of eccrine sweat glands
simple cuboidal to low columnar (can be pseudostratified)
75
myoepithelial cells in eccrine glands
- Surround the secretory unit
- Covered by basal lamina of the secretory cells
- Contain actin and myosin filaments (for contraction)
- Filaments "squeeze" secretory product
76
duct segment of eccrine sweat glands
stratified cuboidal epith
77
apocrine seat glands
- In axilla, areola of nipple and anal region
- Modified apocrine glands include the
- Ceruminous (wax) glands of the external auditory meatus
- Glands of Moll of the eyelids
- Larger than eccrine glands
- In deep dermis and hypodermis
- Duct opens into canal of the hair follicle, superficial to the entry of the sebaceous gland duct
- Secretory Unit- Simple cuboidal to low columnar; Lumen is larger than that of eccrine glands; Secretory product is viscous and odorless when released on to the skin surface, then metabolized by bacteria; Myoepithelial cells surround secretory unit
- Apocrine gland secretion is influenced by hormones and start functioning at puberty; Innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers; Release secretory product via the merocrine method
78
sebaceous glands
- (sebum: protection)
- In dermis and hypodermis, throughout the body, more numerous in the scalp, face
- Secrete sebum (cholesterol, triglycerides and dead cells)
- Are appendages of hair follicles, empty sebum into the canal of the hair follicle
- Influenced by hormones, active after puberty
- Acinus- Small basal cells: immature stem cells in periphery; rest on basal lamina--Larger round cellsmature, degenerating cells
- Duct: Stratified squamous epithelium; Holocrine secretion
79
vellus hairs
```
short
soft
fine
pale
on eyelids
```
80
terminal hairs
```
long
hard
coarse
dark
scalp and eyebrows
```
81
lanugo hairs
on fetus
82
hair follicles
cosnists of hair bulb which =
1) Hair root:Matrix;Dermal papilla
2) External root sheath - glassy membrane outside this - like basement membrane
3) Internal root sheath: Henle's layer (outer); Huxley's layer (middle); Cuticle (inner)
3) Hair shaft: Medulla (inner); Cortex (middle); Cuticle (outer)
83
arrector pili muscles
A. Smooth muscle
B. Attach to hair follicle midway, obliquely, when they contract, raise hair
C. "cradle" sebaceous glands
D. Sympathetic innervation
84
nails
A. Nail plate (hard keratin)
B. Nail bed – consists of stratum basale and stratum spinosum
C. Nail root:Nail matrix – nail growth occurs here – forms keratin which forms nail plate
D. Proximal nail fold- Eponychium (is the cuticle, consists of stratum corneum)
E. Lateral nail folds
F. Lateral nail grooves
G. Lunula – crescent-shaped area at base of nail, appears white
H. Hyponychium
85
Formed elements of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets (thrombocytes)
86
hematocrit
blood elements centrifuged
- amount (%) of RBC when blood centrifuged (men 45%, women 40%, newborn 55%)-
- other elements buffy coat, and plasma
87
plasma
90% yellowish water (bile) or whitish (chylomicrons)
AND
10% organic and inorganics: proteins, hromones and sig molecules, electrolytes, dissolved gases
88
components of blood: proteins and their origin
```
albumin (liver)
globulins (iver)
clotting proteins (liver)
complement proteins (liver)
lipoproteins (liver mostly)
```
89
albumin and origin
- protein component LIVER
| - maintains colloid osmotic pressure and transport. Loss of albumin leads to edema.
90
Globulins and origin
- protein component of blood
- α- (e.g., ceruloplasmin, AAT, protein C) and β-globulins (e.g., transferrin, angiostatins, plasminogen) (LIVER)
- Gamma-globulins (PLASMA CELLS) – antibodies
91
clotting proteins and origin
- protein component of blood
| - prothrombin, fibrinogen, and accelerator globulin, aka factor VII (LIVER)
92
complement prtoeins and origin
-protein component of blood-(LIVER) immunity and inflammation
93
liporproteins and origin
- protein component of blood
| - transport cholesterol and triglycerides
94
Erythrocytes
- biconcave disk-increases surface to area ratio
- no organelles to make room for hemoglobin
- males 5mil/mm3
- females 4.5mil/mm3
- glycophorin A,B,C- trnsmembrane function unk
- band 3-antitransport - transmembrane protein for HCO3 and CL transport = increases CO2 concentration in blood
- antigens on surface:A,B,O, Rh
95
polycythemia
elevated erythrocyte concentratios
96
anemia
decrease in the packed volume of eryhtrocytes or a reduction in hemoglobin concentration
97
normal hemoglobin level
circa 15g/100mL
98
skeleton of erythrocyte
- Band 4.1 protein anchor cytoskeletal elements by binding spectrin, glycophorin, and actin
- Band 3, band 4.2, ankyrin and spectrin form another complex.
- Adducin (a calmoduli3n-binding protein) promotes actin-spectrin association
- Mutations in ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, or band 4.2 disrupt the tethering interactions. This is called hereditary spherocytosis. Spherical shaped erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed by the spleen leading to anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly.
- Elliptocytosis is caused by mutations in spectrin, protein 4.1 or glycophorin C.
99
Erythroblastosis fetalis
issue with Rh- mother and SECOND Rh+ child... destruction of fetal RBC by mother - need to treat prior to birth to protect child
100
Kell, Duffy, and Lewis RBC antigens
Kell KILLS - immunogenic blood transfusion
Duffy DIES - immunogenic
Lewis LIVES
101
Duffy system antigens are used by which health issue?
malarial parasites
102
Howell-Jolly Bodies
- Small basophilic nuclear fragments in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes
- The nuclear fragments are removed (pitted out) by macrophages in the spleen
- Are present in patients with severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens, or after splenectomy.
103
Reticulocytes
- The immediate precursor to a mature erythrocyte
- Cytoplasm displays specks of basophilia due to clusters of ribosomes – some synthesis of hemoglobin is still occuring
- Make up about 1% of the erythrocyte population
104
significance of increased number of reticulocytes
indicate that the body has demand for oxygen that is currently not being fully met (e.g., hemorrhage, recent ascent to a higher altitude)
105
Heinz bodies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
- Inclusions of damaged hemoglobin as a result of oxidative damage (most common trigger is infective due to release of oxygederived free radicals.
- Spleen macrophages remove the Heinz bodies and damaged membranes forming bite cells
106
granulocytes:
- neutrophils/ polymorphs
- eosinophils
- basophils
107
elevated count of neutrophils due to:
increase in band cells (immature version) acute bacterial infection - called a "SHIFT TO THE LEFT"
108
neutrophils/polymorphs
- most numerous
- 3-5 lobed nuclei in mature cells
- immature neutrophils released from bone marrow have band or rod shaped nuclei (BAND CELLS)
- specific (secondary) granules - light pink and have antimicrobial enzymes
- azurophilic (primary) granules = lysosomes - neutrophils are phagocytotic
- tertiary granules - MIGRATORY -to help cell to migrate into tissue- gelatinase (degrades collagen), cathepsins (degrade proteins), and glycoproteins. Gelatinase and cathepsins are released to degrade the basal lamina and elements of the ECM thus facilitating migration of neutrophils into the tissue.
- Döhle body: Represents dilated rER; Seen in infections and some other conditions
109
band cells
immature neutrophils that have a banded nucleus after release from bone marrow
110
eosinophils
- Bilobed nucleus
- Specific granules stain dark pink to red and contain various substances, two of which are highly effective in destroying parasites (i.e., major basic proteins – this agent is also damaging to epithelial cells – and eosinophilic cationic protein)
- Azurophilic granules are lysosomes. Lysosomes help to destroy parasites and to phagocytose antigen – antibody complexes
111
basophils
- hardest to find
- S-shaped nucleus that is obscured by basophilic specific granules
- Specific granules are dark blue and contain histamine, heparin, eosinophilic chemotaxic factor, neutrophilic chemotaxic factor, and peroxidase.
- Azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
- While mast cells are similar to basophils they have different origins. Thus, a mast cell is not a basophil that has migrated into the tissue space.
112
Agranulocytes
- (do not possess specific granules in their cytoplasm but do contain nonspecific, azurophilic granules)
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
113
elevated lymphocytes due to...
viral infection
114
lymphocytes
- 20-25% of total leukocyte population
- about the size of a RBC - pretty small
- narrow rim of basophilic cytoplasm containing a small volume of organelles though ribosomes are abundant - whole cells is mostly spherical nucleus-Nucleus is prominent
- Azurophilic granules = lysosomes
- Three types: B lymphocytes (humoral-mediated immunity), T lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity), and natural killer cells
115
what is the most numerous leukocytein children younger than 8yr old?
lymphocytes
116
three types of lymphocytes:
- B-lymphocyte=humoral mediated immunity
- T-lymphocyte=cell mediated immunity
- natural killer cells
117
monocytes
- Large cells
- Large nucleus that is typically described as being kidney-shaped (indented nucleus)
- Cytoplasm is blue-gray in color
- Numerous azurophilic granules which represent lysosomes
- Migrate into the tissues where they differentiate into macrophages
118
Platelets (thrombocytes or thromboplastids)
- Platelets are fractured megakaryocytes
- Function in blood clotting and tissue repair
- contractile cells
- membrane system - open canalicular system and dense tubular system: control Ca concenteation
119
four zones of platelets
- Peripheral – plasma membrane and glycocalyx
- Structural – microtubules and actin and myosin monomers. The microtubular array maintains the shape of the platelet, whereas the actin and myosin monomers can polymerize and form a contractile apparatus.
- Membrane – open canalicular system and dense tubular system:control Ca concenteation
- Organelle: Mitochondria, Glycogen granules, Peroxisomes
- Three types of granules: alpha, delta, and lambda (these are lysosomes)
120
spherocytosis
point mutation in Band 3, Band 4.2, ankyrin, or spectrin - reduced strutucral integrity of cell = sphrical -- eliminated quickly by macrophages in the spleen = anemia and enlarged spleen
121
elliptocytosis
point mutations in glycophorin, Band 4.1 or spectrin - reduced structural integrity of cell = elliptic RBC - more rapidly eliminted by spleen macrophages - enlarged spleen
122
suffix –cytosis means:
used to denote an increase in number of cells
123
suffix –penia means
used to denote a reduction in number of cells
124
decreased basophil count due to
acute allergic rxn
125
Erythrocytes INC/DEC CONDITIONS
INC:Decreased oxygenation (e.g., high altitude, lung disease, and heart disease)
Renal cell carcinoma
DEC: Hemolytic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Disruption of myeloid tissue (e.g., cancer, radiation)
126
Neutrophils INC/DEC CONDITIONS
INC:Acute bacterial infections (first line of defense)
Inflammatory processes
DEC:Many viral infections
Massive infection
127
Eosinophils INC/DEC CONDITIONS
INC: Allergic reactions
Inflammatory bowel disease
Parasitic infestation
DEC: corticosteroid use
128
basophils INC/DEC CONDITIONS
INC: Hypothyroidism, Hodgkins Lymphoma
DEC: Acute allergic reactions
129
Lymphocytes INC/DEC CONDITIONS
INC: Viral infections
Tuberculosis
Lymphocytic leukemia is a common cause of a significant elevation
DEC: HIV
130
Monocytes INC/DEC CONDITIONS
INC: Inflammation
DEC: RARE
131
Platelets INC/DEC CONDITIONS
INC:Splenectomy
DEC:Splenic sequestration (hypersplenism)
Cell and Tissue I
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