1
Q
What is biological determinism?
A
The idea that an individual’s personality or behaviour is caused by their particular genetic endowment, rather than by social or cultural factors—by nature rather than nurture
2
Q
What is social constructionism?
A
Characteristics typically thought to be absolute & biological (e.g. gender, race, class, ability, and sexuality) are products of human interpretation shaped by culture and history
3
Q
Determining gender based on biology
A
- Unchangeable
- Innate fact
- Categorizations sorted by biological determinants
4
Q
Determining gender based on identity
A
- Identity claim: present info
- Interpretation of info presented
- Categorized as gender
- Categorizations as agreed upon (through interaction
5
Q
What is sex?
A
A term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females.
6
Q
What is gender?
A
A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviours that are considered male or female.
- men = masculinities
- female = femininities
- gender is separate from sex, not biological, it is a matter of social construction/convention
7
Q
What is gender identity?
A
- An individual’s sense of being either masculine or feminine or non-binary
- refers to a persons internal, deeply held sense of their gender
8
Q
What is gender role?
A
Society’s concept of how men and women should behave.
9
Q
What is doing gender?
A
When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society.
10
Q
What is socialization?
A
The process through which we come to understand social norms, expectations, beliefs, and values.
11
Q
What is symbolic interactionism?
A
- Act toward things based on the meanings that things have;
- Meanings derived from social interaction; and
- These meanings are dependent on, and modified by, an interpretive process of the people who interact with one another
12
Q
4 main agents of socialization
A
- Family
- Peers
- School
- Media
13
Q
Other agents of socialization
A
- Religion
- Gov’t
- Work
- Ethnicity
- Culture
14
Q
More female oriented jobs
A
- teacher
- speech-language pathologist
- secretaries
- dental hygienists
- nurse
- food servers (waitress)
15
Q
More male oriented jobs
A
- lawyer
- dentist
- computer software engineers
- electricians
- carpenters
16
Q
Gender Pay gap
A
This “gender pay gap” exists the most at the high end of pay for top jobs.
Gender pay gap still exists, but now is not due to women having less education than men, as women are more likely to pursue secondary education.
We socialize and raise women to not reach for “risk” because they are the caretakers for our children, so they are less likely to reach for these “top jobs” and ask for promotions etc.
17
Q
Violence against women
A
- not only a women’s issue, it is a mans issue, otherwise men tend to ignore it
- must recognize that the dominant group (men) is involved, and this issue does not solely revolve around women
- structure is set up to blame the victim, asking questions about women such as where was she, what was she wearing etc, but we should be asking why is the man assaulting the woman?
- men need to speak up about it because women’s voice aren’t always heard, standing with women rather than against them (its not a battle of the sexes)
- its not only women who are affected by this violence, young boys are traumatized by assault or their mothers assaults
- women and men are both victims to mens violence
18
Q
What is dominant gender schema?
A
An ideological framework that states that there are only two possible sexes, male and female, and two possible genders, masculine and feminine.
19
Q
What is sexual orientation?
A
- who you are sexually attracted to
- heterosexual = attracted to people of the other gender (most common)
- homosexual = attracted to same gender
- bisexual / pansexual = attracted to both genders
- asexual = don’t experience sexual attraction at all
- varies person to person and society to society
20
Q
Sexuality - symbolic interactionism perspective
A
- sexuality is socially constructed
- physically identical acts can have radically different social and subjective meanings
- sexual scripts = cultural prescriptions that dictate the when, where, how, and with-whom of sex, and what that sex means when it happens
21
Q
What are sexual scripts?
A
- cultural prescriptions that dictate the when, where, how, and with-whom of sex, and what that sex means when it happens
22
Q
Sexuality - structural functionalist perspective
A
- sexual reproduction is necessary for the reproduction of society
23
Q
Sexuality - structural functionalist perspective
A
- sexual reproduction is necessary for the reproduction of society, so this view says that sex must be organized in some way in order for society to function
- society organizes sexuality by using sexual scripts
24
Q
Sexuality - social conflict perspective
A
- regulating sexuality is also a matter of creating and reinforcing inequalities
- society is typically built around heteronormativity
- heteronormativity = the idea that there are only 2 genders, that gender corresponds to biological sex, and that the only natural and acceptable sexual attraction is between these 2 genders
- heteronormativity makes heterosexuality seem like it is directly related to biological sex, but heterosexuality is a social construction - defined by dominant sexual scripts, privileged by law and normalized by social practices like religious teachings, so it’s understood as “natural” in a way that other sexualities are not
25
what is heteronormativity?
- the idea that there are only 2 genders, that gender corresponds to biological sex, and that the only natural and acceptable sexual attraction is between these 2 genders
- heteronormativity makes heterosexuality seem like it is directly related to biological sex, but heterosexuality is a social construction - defined by dominant sexual scripts, privileged by law and normalized by social practices like religious teachings, so it's understood as "natural" in a way that other sexualities are not
- challenged by queer theory
26
what is queer theory?
- shows how gender and heterosexuality are tied together
| - challenges heteronormativity
27
what is heteronormativity?
- the idea that there are only 2 genders, that gender corresponds to biological sex, and that the only natural and acceptable sexual attraction is between these 2 genders
- The belief and practice that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation
- heteronormativity makes heterosexuality seem like it is directly related to biological sex, but heterosexuality is a social construction - defined by dominant sexual scripts, privileged by law and normalized by social practices like religious teachings, so it's understood as "natural" in a way that other sexualities are not
- challenged by queer theory
28
what is queer theory?
- shows how gender and heterosexuality are tied together
- challenges heteronormativity
- A scholarly discipline that questions fixed (normative) definitions of gender and sexuality
29
Everyday social practices of sexuality - symbolic interactionism
- Interactionism locates sexuality within wider patterns of sociality
- The everyday gendered doing of sexuality in interaction
- Making and modifying sexual meaning
30
Social construction of sexuality
- Interactionism accounts for the process through which sexuality is constituted culturally, interpersonally, and intraphysically
- Emerges: “the content of sexuality at any of these levels and their interconnections is contingent rather than predefined”
31
Social construction of sexuality - cultural
- Cultural = narratives, discourse
| - Not determinative, but help to make sense
32
Social construction of sexuality - interpersonal
- Interpersonal = emerges in daily interactions
| - (re)produced by those participating in the interaction
33
Social construction of sexuality - intraphysical
- Intraphysical = desires and thoughts produced internally & reflexively
- How we process the cultural and interpersonal
34
The Kinsey Scale
- left to right:
- exclusively heterosexual
- mostly heterosexual
- equally heterosexual and homosexual
- mostly homosexual
- exclusively homosexual
separate from the rest:
- no sexual contacts or reactions
35
3 epochs attitudes towards homosexuality
Homoerasure
- ignorance
- 1895 - early 1980s
- one-time rule of homosexuality in operation
- lower awareness of homosexuality, slowly increasing over the years
Homohysteria
- sensitivity
- mid 1980s - 1993
- one-time rule of homosexuality in operation
- higher awareness of homosexuality
Inclusivity
- positivity
- 1993 - 2014 and on
- demise of the one-time rule of homosexuality
- greatest awareness of homosexuality
36
Homoerasure
- approx. 1900 - early 1980s
- Same-sex desire greatly stigmatized and the general population rejected the notion that same-sex sexual identities were legitimate
- Homophobia was so extreme that social and legal persecution forced people to conceal their sexual desires and identities
- So well concealed that heterosexuality was presumed in all
- Unlikely that how a person acts will result in them being perceived as gay
37
Homohysteria
- mid 1980s - 1993
- Rise in homophobic attitudes
- AIDS epidemic
- Fundamentalist Christianity
- Politicization of moral values within the Republican Party
38
Inclusivity
- 1993 - present
- AIDS activism & gay rights politics
- More openly gay people
- More interaction
- Less homophobia & hysteria
- Less policing of gendered behaviours
- Widespread acceptance
- inclusive does not equal post homophobia
- people use expressions like "thats so gay" or remarks such as "faggot" and "no homo"
- 62% LGBTQ students do not feel safe in schbool (2021)
39
Social Inclusion of LGBTQ
- LGBTQ people experience stigma and discrimination across their life spans, and are targets of sexual and physical assault, harassment and hate crimes
40
Freedom from discrimination and violence - trans people
- An Ontario-based study of trans people found that 20 per cent had experienced physical or sexual assault due to their identity, and that 34 per cent were subjected to verbal threats or harassment
41
Access to economic resources - trans people
Trans people high levels of violence, harassment, and discrimination when seeking stable housing, employment, health or social services
42
Hate crimes
2007-2008
- Hates crimes motivated by sexual orientation more than doubled in Canada from 2007 to 2008, and were the most violent of all hate crimes
2019
- 263 hate crimes targeting sexual orientation in 2019, up 41% from a year earlier
43
Neoliberalism
- As a response to the international financial crisis of the 1970s
Key characteristics:
- Privatisation of public goods (transportation, media infrastructure, etc)
- Austerity measures (cutting on social spending)
- Liberalizing markets (increase of free trade)
44
What is austerity?
- a tool to reduce govt spending after a debt crisis
- dramatic financial policy that reduces overall spending
- cuts to social spending - healthcare, schools, infrastructure, unemployment benefits, transit, social security
- cuts to government jobs, including wage freezes
- decreased economic growth
- higher cost of living
- results in increase of poverty, more homeless people, more need for food banks, etc
45
What is a debt crisis?
when a country is unable to pay back its government debt
46
Organizing Survival & Resistance in austere times
- Disability activism and neoliberal austerity shape each other
- A politics of care arises out of neoliberal austerity measures and becomes paramount in a political struggle
47
Disability activism & neoliberalism shape each other
- Austerity measures cut funding
- Loss of disability support
- Alternative strategies, people come up with to support each other as there is less gov't support offered
- New strategies can become new forms of activism and resistance, Reconfigure care
- Can be co-opted to suit neoliberalism
48
What is neoliberalism?
- Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer to market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers" and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity, state influence in the economy.
49
Fat is a social justice issue, too
- Fat-phobia is a system of oppression
| - Political process activism and micro fat activism
50
Confounding variable/Spurious relationship
- coffee (exposure) to pancreatic cancer (disease)
- coffee (exposure to smoking (confounder)
- smoking (confounder) to coffee (exposure)
- smoking (confounder) to pancreatic cancer (disease)
- hot temperatures (cofounding variable) to rate of ice cream consumption and to number of sunburns
- rate of ice cream consumption to number of sunburns
51
Pathologized & medicalized
- Correlation does not = causation
- Health myths (in service to diet industries & the medical establishment)
- controlling for gender, age, & smoking, BMI had lower mortality rates than "normal"
52
Fat connected with race, gender, & class
- Fat women have more stigma than fat men
- Used to mask overt racism
- Fatphobia causes poverty
Social Problems
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
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