1
Q
Cyanobacteria
A
also called blue-green algae or blue-green bacteria
2
Q
Basic Properties of cyanobacteria
A
- Have bacteriochlorophyll
- Red/blue Pigments
- Require moist conditions
3
Q
Importance of cyanobacteria
A
- At the bases of many aquatic food chains
- Rapid division under optimal conditions can significantly impact water quality.
- Toxin production by some species
- Nitrogen fixation
- Skin irritation
- Few are edible (spirulina)
4
Q
What phylum make up green algae
A
Chlorophyta and Charophyta
5
Q
Green algae are in what kingdom
A
kingdom plantae
6
Q
Thalloid body structure
A
sheet like
7
Q
nodal body structure
A
stem like structure w/ distinct locations for branching. (Chara)
8
Q
Filamentous body structure
A
Strand like
9
Q
Colonial body structure
A
Cells aggregate together in a particular configuration. (Volvox)
10
Q
Unicellular body structure
A
One cell (may be elaborate)
11
Q
Charophyta
A
(stoneworts)
1.Some of the closest terrestrial plant relatives
2. Some are nodal, no meristems or buds
3. Usually freshwater
12
Q
Chlorophyta
A
(Green algae)
-All have chlorophyll a
-store starch
-large photosynthetic cells
-freshwater/marine
-some explored as sources of biofuel
13
Q
Chromophyta
A
(Diatoms, brown, and yellow green algae)
14
Q
Diatoms
A
(kingdom protista)
Unicellular
Walls composed of silicon
Walls are ornately grooved or in a specific pattern.
-diatomaceous earth (insect control)
15
Q
Brown Algae
A
(Kingdom Protista chromophyta)
-Kelps
Produces alginates (thickeners in several food products)
16
Q
Rhodophyta
A
Red algae, kingdom protista
-Highly branched or thalloid
-appear red b/c of phycobilin
-Nori, sushi wrap
17
Q
Dinophyta
A
red tides
potentially toxic
pfisteria, joann burkholder
18
Q
Lichens
A
-Symboitic association between fungi and cyanobacteria or algae (photosynthesis)
19
Q
Crustose
A
Flat and crust like
20
Q
Foliose
A
Sheet like
21
Q
Fruticose
A
Branched or busy like. string like
22
Q
Ecological significance of lichens
A
- Air quality indicators
- Fabric construction
- Forage for caribou
- Dye extraction
23
Q
Diploid
A
2 copies of DNA per cell
1. Sporophyte generation
24
Q
Haploid
A
1 copy of DNA per cell
2. spores develop into a mature gametophyte
25
Meiosis
Diploid cells undergo this to form spores
26
Gametophyte generation
sperm fertilizes egg to form a zygote, which will develop into a sporophyte
27
Bryophytes
Plants with no seeds or vascular tissue
28
Characteristics of bryophytes
1. small
2. dominant gametophyte
3. moist environments
4. mycorrhizal associations
5. colonizing organisms
6. highly variable environments
29
Liverworts (bryophyte)
gametophytes anchored by rhizomes
30
hornworts (bryophytes)
Small but dominant gametophyte. Produce a horn like sporophyte.
31
Mosses
Make up most of the bryophytes.
32
Ecological impact of mosses
1. Colonizers
2. Good indicator of soil conditions
3. Preservative capacity
4. Fuel source (Peat moss)
5. Antiseptic properties
6. Help prevent erosion
33
Lycophytes
(Club mosses and quillworts)
(Seedless vascular plants)
34
Fern allies
organisms w/ similar life cycle characteristics and all reproduce by spores plus have vascular tissue
35
Lycopodium
(Ground pines) (Lycophyta)
look similar to gymnosperms
36
Selaginella
(spike mosses)
(Lycophyta)
free branching, moist habitats, (resurrection plants)
37
Isoetes
(quillworts) (lycophyta)
grasslike
moist conditions
38
Lycophyte uses
-ornamental/ decor
-spores used as powder for flash photography
-forage
-blood coagulant
39
Whisk ferns (pteridophyta)
(seedless vascular pants)
-Only a few species
-Cooksonia is the earliest known plant to have vascular tissue.
-No true roots, rhizomes, bifurcating stems w/ yellow sporangia
40
Horsetails and scouring rushes
-Seedless vascular plants
- All have true roots and stems
about 25 species
- vertical stems w/ obvious nodes
-photosynthetic
41
Ferns
Conspicuous sporophyte with true roots, stems, and leaves. Sori contain spores
42
Pinophyta
cone bearing tree
pine
spruce
juniper
fir
cedar
cypress
43
Structural features of gymnosperms
thick cuticle, resin canals, compact mesophyll, sunken stomata
44
Fascicles
needle like leaves arranged in these.
45
Conifer facts
1. No vessel elements
2. Thick periderm
3. composed of cork cells
4. cope w/ low intensity fires
46
Pollen cones
male gametophyte of pinophyta
47
seed cones
female gametophyte of pinophyta
2. Base of bracts are ovules that produce female gametophyte
48
Length of time from pollination to seed maturity for gymnosperms
2-3 years
49
General sherman
most volume in a tree
50
hyperion
tallest tree
51
cycadophyta
gymnosperms, rare, most diversity now in botanical collections
- dioecious
- flagellated sperm that must be carried from one plant to next.
52
ginkgophyta
gymnosperms, dioecious, ginkgo biloba
53
Significant features of gymnosperms
1. Boreal forests- cold or freezing tolerance
2. Primary invaders in succession-mycorrhizal relationship
3. Size and longevity
4. Resistant to many pathogenic fungi and insects, although some very susceptible.
5. building materials and wood products
6. newsprint
54
flower
primary reproductive organ in angiosperms
-composed of 4 whorls
55
sepals
outermost part of the flower, develops first
56
calyx
the group of sepals
57
petals
internal to sepals, external to stamen
58
corolla
the group of petals
59
perianth
calyx plus corolla
60
stamens
male reproductive structures
- composed of anther and filament
61
anther
part of stamen where pollen production occurs
62
filament
part of stamen that elevates the anther
63
androecium
group of stamens
64
pistil
innermost part of flower,
female reproductive part
65
gynoecium
all pistil structures together
66
stigma
part of pistil that receives pollen, the top
67
sytle
part of pistil that elevates the stigma
68
ovary
part of the pistil that contains ovules
69
ovules
each ovule produces an egg cell.
70
Whorl organs of monocots
multiples of 3s
71
whorl organs of dicots
multiples of 4s and 5s
72
receptacle
enlarged tip of peduncle where whorls attatch
73
peduncle
flower stalk (elevates flower and connects with stem)
74
Perfect flower
has both stamen and pistils
75
complete flower
has all 4 whorls
76
incomplete flower
lacks at least one whorl
77
imperfect flower
lacks either a stamen or a pistil
78
monoecious
male and female imperfect flowers on the SAME plant.
79
dioecious
all flowers on the same individual plant are either male or female. must cross pollinate
80
monoecious and dioecious flowers are
incomplete imperfect flowers
81
functions of the flower
1. production of offspring
2. yield fruit
3. yield seeds
82
Self pollination
transfer of polen from anther to stigma on the same plant
83
cross pollination
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of different plants
84
fertilization
union of sperm and egg cells to form a diploid zygote (sporophyte)
85
fruits form as a result of
thickening and enlargement of ovary and sometimes receptacle
86
fruit is a
thickened mature ovary
87
seeds are...
fertilized ovules
88
dehiscent
splits open at maturity
89
indehiscent
does not split open
90
dry fruits
ovary dehydrated at maturity... thin fruit wall
91
fleshy fruits
remain hydrated at maturity
92
aggregate fruits
form from several pistils in the same flower. the individual ovaries enlarge and fuse together
ex. rasperry, blackberry
93
multiple fruits
form from several flowers in an inflorescence. the fruits from each flower fuse together to generate one larger structure
ex. pineapple, corn
94
accessory fruits
are composed of a thickened ovary wall as well as other floral organs, such as petals and or receptacle. ex apple, strawberry
95
drupe
one seed per drupe
96
desmid
unicellular with a construction in the center
97
protonema
structure in the moss life cycle that receives the spores. has a bud with the female gametophyte
98
antheridium
haploid (gametophyte generation) produces sperm
99
archegonium
haploid (gametophyte generation) holds the egg.
100
moss sporophyte
is supported by the gametophyte
101
moss sporangium
diploid sporophyte generation
-holds the spores
102
fiddlehead
frond that is yet to develop
103
fern leaves are called
fronds
104
prothallus
gametophyte for ferns (photosynthetic)
105
angiosperms
have vascular tissue seeds and flowers.
-sporophyte is dominant generation
106
domestication
growing a plant and selecting for favorable characteristics
107
modern corn came from
teosinte
108
Germplasm
variety of genetic composition of a particular species
109
Svalbard global seed bank
Norway, seed bank with deposits made from countries.
110
PB 200
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
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