Test 3

Question 1

What is rulemaking

Answer 1

any decision an agency makes implementing a law or policy

Question 2

What is the ACA

Answer 2

Administrative procedures act

Question 3

What does the ACA say

Answer 3

1. gives agencies the power to make rules
2. outlines steps and procedures agencies must do to create a rule

Question 4

what are some rules or procedures agencies must follow in the ACA

Answer 4

1. must provide public notice of the rule change
2. must allow the pubic to comment on the rules and take into consideration the feedback

Question 5

what are the steps to the rulemaking process

Answer 5

1. initiation (agency is told/decides to make a new rule)
2. analysis and evaluation (internally drafts their own rule)
3. notice of proposed rule (posts their proposed rule to the federal register)
4. comment (allow people to comment of proposed rule)
5. revision (agencies have to decide to make changes to the bill and specify if so/if not why?)
6. promulgation of final rule (if no changes are made it becomes law)
7. prepare for legal battle (if a rule is controversial they will prepare lawyers)

Question 6

what is deck stacking

Answer 6

when congress can place certain interests (people) in places to affect rulemaking. EX: putting republican person on an important committee chair

Question 7

how was worker motivation in the early 1900s

Answer 7

low. people were treated as robots and “a number”. mainly used financial incentives to make people work

Question 8

what was the Hawthorne effect

Answer 8

when people behave differently when they know someone is watching them vs not watching them

Question 9

what was the impact of the Hawthorne experiments

Answer 9

showed complex variables affected worker motivation and that workers are just as much social creatures (being treated as people) than economic creatures ( only being given financial incentives)

Question 10

5 theories of motivation

Answer 10

1. hygiene and motivation needs
2. theory X and theory Y
3. equity theory
4. expectancy theory
5. public service motivation theory

Question 11

what does the hygiene and motivation theory say

Answer 11

workers are motivated on 2 different types of needs. Hygiene and motivational

Question 12

what are hygiene needs

Answer 12

needs that provide dissatisfaction if they are not attended to. EX: temperature in a room (if satisfactory however won’t necessarily lead to motivation

Question 13

what are motivational needs

Answer 13

needs you get from the intrinsic value they provide. EX: liking the job makes people motivated to keep doing it

Question 14

what does job enrichment try to do

Answer 14

1. meaning - like their work means something
2. competence - employees have a feeling of self confidence
3. impact- employees feel like their work influences success

Question 15

what does theory X and theory Y say

Answer 15

theory X: people are lazy and lack ambitions and responsibility
theory Y: says people are energetic, selfless and seek responsibility
-If managers treat people based their personality human effort will increase

Question 16

what does the equity theory say

Answer 16

people’s inputs to their jobs depends on the perceptions of fairness at their work.
EX; people believe their education is the reason their salary is higher compared to someone with lower education, if it isn’t there is an unfairness

Question 17

what is underpaid equity

Answer 17

people who put in more work but get paid the same as someone who doesn’t

Question 18

what is overpaid equity

Answer 18

people who put in less work but get paid the same as someone doing more

Question 19

what is the expectancy theory

Answer 19

in order for people to work hard they have to think their work is going to be rewarded

Question 20

3 parts to expectancy theory

Answer 20

1. expectancy - the perception that effort will result in better performance. EX: studying or the test will get you a better grade
2. instrumentality- the performance leads to better outcomes. EX: no matter what you do you will get the same grade on the exam
3. valence - how desirable the outcome is for a person. EX: some people care about better grades than others

Question 21

what does the public service motivation theory say

Answer 21

says public employees are motivated differently than private employees. EX: people become teachers because they love kids not because of the pay

Question 22

what is performance management

Answer 22

a system that generates performance data to measure the performance of organizations, individuals, and departments

Question 23

goals of performance managment

Answer 23

1. allocative efficiency- since resources are scarce performance management makes sure they go to the right places
2. accountability of government to the public- government performance is made more transparent
3. accountability of bureaucrats to elected officials- elected officials are better able to monitor bureaucrats
4. technical efficiency- managers learn more about their organizations and design strategies to improve performance

Question 24

4 responses to performance management systems (4 P’s)

Answer 24

1. purposeful
2. passive
3. political
4. pervasive

Question 25

what is the Purposeful response to performance management systems

Answer 25

people use data to improve performance via goal based learning that improves efficiency. EX: data driven dialogue in k-12 schools to see what students need to work on the most

Question 26

what is the Passive response to performance management systems

Answer 26

people do the bare minimum to comply with the requirements but do not use the data. EX: agencies will not implement the new president's policies to their best ability because they know a new one will be in office 4 years later

Question 27

what is the Political response to performance management systems

Answer 27

people use performance data to help their efforts in the political world (people agree on data but disagree on meaning, agree on meaning but disagree on next steps)

Question 28

what is the Pervasive response to performance management systems

Answer 28

people manipulate the data to engage in goal displacement. EX: people use the data to make themselves look better but hurt others (many different types)

Question 29

different types of goal displacement

Answer 29

1. effort substitution-reducing effort on non-measured things (teachers spending less time on music classes) 2. cherry picking - focusing efforts on groups who will likely provide the impact on performance measures (leaving poorer kids out of schools since they will perform worse) 3.measure selection- selecting metrics to measure that will offer the most favorable portrayal (only showing good data points instead of all of them) 4. hiding numbers - declining to present performance numbers that may exist 5. output distortion- manipulating measurement processes to improve performance (drive through workers telling people to pull through making them look like they are servicing them faster) 6. rachet effects- curbing productivity in one quarter to avoid more challenging targets in another 7. churning - frequently changing performance targets to prevent comparisons across time (standardized tests changed every couple years) 8. cheating- simply making up numbers

Question 30

what is a crisis

Answer 30

a situation where there is a perceived threat against the core values of a social system. EX: natural disasters, mass violence

Question 31

what is a crisis management

Answer 31

the process which an organization deals with a crisis before, during , and after the crisis happens

Question 32

components of crisis management

Answer 32

1.physical safety of people 2. communication to media and public 3.repair of damaged infrastructure 4.psychological stress and trauma

Question 33

what is a wicked problem

Answer 33

a problem that has multiple factors influencing them

Question 34

equation to risk

Answer 34

risk = probability x consequence (outcome)