1
Q
What is coined as the road to democracy?
A
The reforms of Solon
2
Q
What was the social crisis before Solon?
A
Contrast between elite and the rest of the population
3
Q
What was Solon’s constitution based on?
A
Wealth in the form of land ownership
4
Q
How many classes were citizens divided into?
A
4
5
Q
What did Solon want to avoid?
A
Concentration of land in the hands of few
6
Q
What are the 3 distinctions of Solon’s reforms?
A
1) state is run by all citizens
2) status of citizen is not compatible with the loss of freedom
3) the law guides the actions of the state
7
Q
Who was the key tyrant before democracy?
A
Peisistratos
8
Q
What marked the end of the tyrants’ rule?
A
When Peisistratos passed the power to his sons Hippias and Hipparkhos
- Hippias was exiled
- Hipparkhos was murdered by two citizens
9
Q
What were the reforms of Kleisthenes?
A
- citizenry organized into 10 new tribes (phylai)
- Boule of the 500 established
10
Q
What is isonomia?
A
Equal right of all citizens to exercise their political rights
11
Q
What is isegoria?
A
Equal right to speak
12
Q
What is demokratia?
A
Power of the people without limitations
13
Q
What are the 3 founding principles of Athenian democracy?
A
Isonomia, isegoria, demokratia
14
Q
What were the two perceptions of democracy in Athenian society?
A
- power of the demos with no limitation
- rule of the poor (‘mob rule’ perception used mainly by critics)
15
Q
What was the persian debate between?
A
Democracy vs. Oligarchy vs. Monarchy
16
Q
Difference between Athenian democracy and modern democracy?
A
Direct participation of all citizens in important decisions
17
Q
Characteristics of the Boule?
A
- 500 councillors chosen by lot
- At least 30 years old
- 50 from each of the 10 tribes
18
Q
Responsibilities of the Boule?
A
- Prepared the agenda for assembly and drafted preliminary proposals
19
Q
What was the role of the prutaneis?
A
- 50 councillors of each tribe
- standing committee for one tenth of the year
- lived in the Tholos
20
Q
What was the role of the epistates?
A
- Chairman of the prutaneis
- Presided over the meetings of the assembly
21
Q
What was the role of the proedroi?
A
- Committee of 10
- One committee for each tribe
- Presided over the meetings of the council and the assembly
22
Q
What building of the agora were council meetings held?
A
- the Bouleuterion
23
Q
What was the ekklesia?
A
- assembly for all Athenian adult males 18+
- only the ekklesia had decisional power
- agenda prepared by the boule for ekklesia meetings
24
Q
What did the ekklesia discuss and vote on?
A
Psefismata - decrees, decisions of policy
Nomoi - general laws
25
What were the nomothetai?
Lawmakers
- body selected by lot
- had final decision on proposals discussed in ekklesia
26
What was the hill where the assembly met?
Pnyx hill
27
How many people were required for votes on especially important matters?
A quorum of 6000
28
How often were meetings?
Four meetings in each of the 10 months
29
What tool was used to herd people to the Pnyx for meetings?
Rope died red
30
How did they encourage poor participation?
Small daily salary for the loss of a days' work
31
How was vote collected?
Show of hands
32
What two terms were used for those who could persuade the assembly?
- Prostates: champion of the people
- Demagogos: leader of the people
33
Who were the democratic officials of Solon's constitution? How many were there?
The arkhontes (archons)
-9
34
What was a general called? How many from each tribe?
Strategos
- 1 from each tribe
35
What were the treasurers of the Delian League called?
Hellenotamiai
36
Who were the two magistrates that got elected?
Hellenotamiai and strategoi
37
What were the two ways the people got involved with the magistrates?
Dokimasia and euthunai
38
What was dokimasia?
Preliminary scrutiny/screening
39
What was euthunai?
audit, review at the end of the term
40
Who was responsible for order and punisment?
The Eleven
- conducted a police force of 300 Scythian archers
41
What were the heralds called and what was their responsibility?
Kerux/kerukes
- Communicating the official decisions of the state
42
What were the presbeutes?
Prominent citizens with good connections abroad
43
What was the main objective of greek warfare until the Persian Wars?
To assert dominance
44
What was the oldest council of the city?
The Areopagus Council
45
What did the reforms of Ephialtes do to the areopagus council?
Reduced to a law court for the most serious crimes
- deliberate homicide of an athenian citizen considered the most serious
46
What does Athenian law begin with?
The law of Drakon on homicide
- Penalty for involuntary homicide is exile, unless otherwise stated by victims' family
- Laws in place to forbid revenge of the family
47
What were the jury courts called?
Dikasteria
jurors called dikastai
48
What is dike?
Lawsuit, can be brought only by victims or their legal representatives
49
What is graphe?
Public suit, that can be brought by any adult male citizen
50
What is graphe paranomon?
Public indictment against those who made illegal proposals in assembly
51
What was the identity ticket for the juror called?
Pinakion
52
What was the allotment machine called?
Kleroterion
53
What was the order of proceedings in court?
First round of speeches: prosecutor, then the defendant
- responsibility of litigants to present evidence, witnesses, and cite laws
54
How did receiving the verdict work?
Jurors casted their vote without discussion, simple majority was sufficient
55
What were the two categories of penalty?
Penalties affecting the person (death, physical punishment, removing of rights) or penalties affecting the property
56
What was Sokrates' pre-determined penalty?
Death and he was detained in the state prison until his trial
- he was allowed to commit suicide rather than being executed in public
57
What was the technique for execution?
Usually the plank, a slow death
58
What was a problem with the Athenian justice system?
Sukophantai (vexatious litigants) that brought malevolent charged for personal gain
59
What is atimia?
- Dishonour
- Deprivation of 'time'
- resulted in the loss of political rights 'civic death'
60
Two factors in the public athenian economy?
Income and expenses
61
What was the financial obligation of a wealthy Athenian?
Leitourgia (liturgy)
Two kinds: trierarchy and festival liturgies
62
What was the khoregia?
Production of a chorus for tragedies, comedies, and dithyrambs
63
To avoid liturgy, an Athenian could...?
Exchange of properties
64
What was eisphora?
Property tax
65
What were the sitophulakes and why did they exist?
Grain inspectors
- Athens was particularly dependent on imported grain starting from the mid-fifth century
66
What is phoros?
Cash tribute from allies in the Delian League
67
What island revolted and what were they met with?
Euboea
- modified judicial system
- swore an oath not to rebel again
68
What caused the end of the Delian League?
Spartan victory
69
What is ta sphagia?
Blood-sacrifice - performed when armies were in sight of each other and interaction was imminent
- a tool to intimidate the opponent
70
What is hoplitai?
Hoplites that used a larger round shield with a double handle
71
What is a linothorax?
Layers of linen cloth glued together
72
What was the primary weapon?
The spear
73
What were the secondary weapons?
The cut and thrust sword
74
What is the single-edged sword called?
Kopis
75
What order did the hoplites fight in?
Close order formation (the phalanx)
76
What is the othismos?
The "shove"
- considered the decisive action of the battle
77
What were psiloi?
Light-armed soldiers
78
What were peltasts?
Soldiers
79
Who could afford fighting on horseback?
Only the richest citizens
- Macedonians and Alexander the Great as an example
80
What were the traditional hoplite tactics?
- elite troops and commander on the right wing to counter the natural tendency to shift right
- each soldier was close to shield of the other on the right in order to protect the exposed right flank
81
When did athenians receive standardized military training?
During service as Epheboi (ephebes)
82
What historian was also a mercenary soldier?
Xenophon
83
how many levels on a trireme?
Three
84
What were the limits of the trireme?
- performed poorly in bad weather conditions
- crew had to disembark for food and water, exposed to attack from land and sea
- expensive
85
Preferred tactic of naval warfare?
Ramming
- ships formed lines with the bow pointed at the enemy
86
Who made up the naval army?
Mostly lower class
- thetes
- foreigners
- 10 hoplites
- 4 archers
87
How many officers and assistants?
16
88
What were the summoriai?
Group of citizens who shared the financial burden of tax
- Up to 16 people
