Test 3

Question 1

Extinction

Answer 1

1. A behaviour that has been previously reinforced
2. No longer results in the reinforcing consequences
   and as a result
3. The behaviour stops or decreases in the future

Question 2

Extinction Burst

Answer 2

May initially induce 3 effects:
1. Increase in frequency, duration or intensity
2. Novel behaviours
3. Emotional or aggressive behaviours

Question 3

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 3

• Reoccurrence of behaviour after it has been extinguished
• Similar situations to those before extinction
• NOT the same as extinction burst

Question 4

Procedural Variations

Answer 4

Extinction of behaviour maintained by positive reinforcement
- S^R no longer delivered
Extinction of behaviour maintained by negative reinforcement
- Aversive no longer removed

Question 5

Factors that Influence Extinction

Answer 5

• Reinforcement Schedule Before Extinction (CRF easier than Intermittent)
• Contact with reinforcement after extinction
• Presence of reinforcement for functionally equivalent alternative behaviours during extinction

Question 6

Punishment (S^P)

Answer 6

1. Occurrence of a behaviour
2. Followed by an immediate consequence
   and as a result
3. Behaviour is less likely to occur in the future

Question 7

Positive Punishment

Answer 7

Addition of an aversive stimulus

Question 8

Negative punishment

Answer 8

Removal of a reinforcing stimulus

Question 9

Negative Punishment vs Extinction

Answer 9

• Both weaken (reduce) behaviour
• Extinction = withholding the reinforcer maintaining behaviour
• Negative punishment = removing a positive reinforcer

Question 10

Punishers

Answer 10

• Consequences (Stimuli or events)
• Immediately follow behaviour and weaken that behaviour in the future
• aversive stimuli

Question 11

Unconditioned Punishers

Answer 11

-Biologically important
- Do not require conditioning to be effective

Question 12

Conditioned Punishers

Answer 12

Neutral stimulus paired with established punisher

Question 13

Factors Influencing Punishment

Answer 13

Immediacy
Contingency (Consistency)
Individual Differences
Magnitude or Amount
Motivating Operations (EOs and AOs)

Question 14

Motivating Operations (MO)

Answer 14

Antecedents
Momentary effect, not future effect
Alter potency (value) of punisher/reinforcer
Alter likelihood of occurrence of behaviour
EOs and AOs

Question 15

Establishing Operations (EO)

Answer 15

Makes punisher more effective
More likely to inhibit behaviour

Question 16

Abolishing Operations (AO)

Answer 16

Makes punisher less effective
Less likely to inhibit behaviour

Question 17

Potential Problems with Punishment

Answer 17

Aggression or emotional side effects
Escape or avoidance behaviours
Negative reinforcement for using punishment
Modeling use of punishment
Ethical issues

Question 18

Three-Term-Contingency

Answer 18

Antecedent -> Behaviour -> Consequence
S^D -> Behaviour -> S^R

Question 19

Discriminative Stimulus (S^D)

Answer 19

Antecedent that is present when the behaviour is reinforced
Does not CAUSE or STRENGTHEN behaviour, EVOKES behaviour
S^D -> Behaviour -> S^R

Question 20

S-Delta

Answer 20

Antecedent that is present when the behaviour is not reinforced
S-Delta-> Behaviour -> EXT

Question 21

Stimulus Control

Answer 21

Outcome of stimulus discrimination training
Behaviour more likely in presence of S^D

Question 22

S^D vs EO

Answer 22

Both antecedents that make behaviour more likely (evoke behaviour)
SD: Reinforcer present when behaviour is reinforced (reinforcer availability)
EO: increase potency of reinforcer (reinforcer effectiveness)

Question 23

Four-Term-Contingency

Answer 23

EO->S^D->Behaviour->S^R

Question 24

Antecedent Effects vs Consequent Effects

Answer 24

Antecedents (MO and S^D) alter the current probability of behaviour (in that moment)
Consequences (S^R and S^P) alter the future probability of the behaviour (in the future)

Question 25

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 25

When a behaviour occurs in the presence of similar stimuli to the S^D Occurs with different: -Stimulus Modes -Places -People

Question 26

Stimulus Equivalence

Answer 26

Symmetry and transitivity

Question 27

Respondent vs Operant Conditioning

Answer 27

Respondent: controlled by antecedents, physiological reflexes/involuntary responses (elicits a response) Operant: controlled by consequences (evokes a response)

Question 28

Pavlov

Answer 28

Conditioned reflexes Physiology of digestion

Question 29

Unconditioned Responses (UR)

Answer 29

Has survival value Occurs without any conditioning or learning Elicited by an uncontrolled stimulus (US)

Question 30

Respondent Conditioning

Answer 30

* US: Unconditioned Stimulus * UR: Unconditioned Response * NS: Neutral Stimulus * Unconditioned response ○ US elicits UR * US paired with NS * CS elicits CR (conditioned response)

Question 31

Respondent Extinction

Answer 31

Present the CS REPEATEDLY without the US

Question 32

Respondent Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 32

Follows respondent extinction CS may once again elicit a CR Strengths of the CR will diminish quickly

Question 33

Discriminated Respondent Behaviour

Answer 33

Single CS or narrow range of CSs elicit a CR

Question 34

Generalized Respondent Behaviour

Answer 34

Many similar CSs elicit a CR

Question 35

Shaping

Answer 35

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations of behaviour until person exhibits the behaviour

Question 36

Differential Reinforcement

Answer 36

Reinforcement and extinction One behaviour reinforced (S^R) Other behaviours not reinforced (EXT)

Question 37

Successive Approximations

Answer 37

Shaping steps Begin with the starting behaviour (1st approximation) - person can already perform (assessment) - reinforce

Question 38

Shaping

Answer 38

When criterion is mastered, begin reinforcing a "better" behaviour criterion Stop reinforcing last criterion (EXT)

Question 39

What Shaping is Used For

Answer 39

New topographies of behaviour New dimensions of behaviour Reinstate behaviour