Test 3

Question 1

what is oxidation?

Answer 1

1. remove an electron(s)
   other clues
   2.remove Hydrogen
2. addition of oxygen (or increase in the number of bonds to oxygen)

Question 2

What is reduction?

Answer 2

1. adding electrons
   other clues
2. adding hydrogen
3. removing of oxygen (or decrease in the number of bonds to oxygen)

Question 3

why do fats generally contain more potential energy than carbohydrates, given the same number of carbons?

Answer 3

fats require more oxidation to become CO2 and H2O than do carbohydrates.

Question 4

what are the two major electron carriers in our bodies

Answer 4

NAD+

FAD

Question 5

which of the 2 major electron carriers accepts higher energy electrons?

Answer 5

NAD+

Question 6

what are the steps in cellular respiration? Is oxygen required? Location in the cell?

Answer 6

• Glycolysis, No, Cytoplasm
• Pyruvate oxidation, yes, mitochondrion
• citric acid cycle, yes, mitochondrion
• Oxidative phosphorylation, yes, mitochondrion

Question 7

define photosynthesis

Answer 7

with light, self, to feed

aka producers

Question 8

define autotroph

Answer 8

self, to feed

Question 9

define heterotrophs

Answer 9

other/different, to feed

-consumer/decomposers

Question 10

equation of photosynthesis

Answer 10

reduction
|—————————|
solar energy –> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O—-> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
|_______________|
Oxidation

Question 11

Photosystem 2

Answer 11

• works first

- P680

Question 12

photosystem 1

Answer 12

• works second

- P700

Question 13

what is photorespiration

Answer 13

C₃ plants close their stomata during the day —> no more gas exchange —> much less sugar is made b/c oxygen in high levels will be fixed to RuBP by rubisco —-> RuBP is wasted

Question 14

what do CAM plants do?

Answer 14

• open stomata during the night and close during the day

- store CO₂ from the night before

Question 15

Where in the cell cycle does the cell make a final “decision” to divide or not divide?

Answer 15

G₁

Question 16

what happens if the cell “decides” not to divide (does it stay in the cell cycle)?

Answer 16

go to G₀, resting phase

Question 17

mitosis vs. myosis

Answer 17

• 2 cells - 4 cells
• less diverse. - more diverse
• plotity # increases - plotity # decreases

Question 18

define allele

Answer 18

a specific person of a gene

Question 19

define homozygous

Answer 19

2 of the same genes

Question 20

define genotype

Answer 20

genetic makeup

Question 21

define genotype

Answer 21

genetic makeup

Question 22

define heterzygous

Answer 22

2 genes that are different

Question 23

define dominant allele

Answer 23

expressed in the phenotypes

Question 24

why can you not always predict the genotype from the phenotype

Answer 24

b/c if they are expressing a dominant trait they could be homozygous or heterozygous

Question 25

under what circumstances can you predict genotype from phenotype

Answer 25

if the person expresses a recessive trait

Question 26

what is a test cross

Answer 26

a test with a full homozygous recessive

Question 27

define penetrance

Answer 27

penetrance of a mutation is a quantizing characteristic... the % of individuals that show at least some of the expected phenotype given a specific genotype

Question 28

define expressivity

Answer 28

the range of phenotypes observed given a specific genotype

Question 29

what is meant by the term epistasis? Example

Answer 29

- in order | - yeast

Question 30

Mendel's law of segregation

Answer 30

- of alleles from homologous chrms | - anaphase

Question 31

Mendel's 2nd law of independent assortment

Answer 31

of alleles from non-homologous chums (metaphase 1 or 2)

Question 32

what are the mobile carriers in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 32

- Q | - Cyt C

Question 33

how much ATP is one NADH worth?

Answer 33

2.5 atp

Question 34

how much ATP is one FADH₂ worth?

Answer 34

1.5 atp

Question 35

In pyruvate oxidation what is the enzyme?

Answer 35

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

Question 36

how do electrons get into the mitochondrion?

Answer 36

electron carriers (shuttles)

Question 37

talk about C.B Vaneil

Answer 37

- suggested that O₂ came from H₂O. - he used purple sulfur bacteria - proved by using ¹⁶ O and ¹⁸ O and saw which one was emitted

Question 38

what is the ratio for a dihybrid cross?

Answer 38

9:3:3:1

Question 39

what is the ration for a monohybrid cross?

Answer 39

3:1

Question 40

what does it mean if you have a 50% RF?

Answer 40

- independent assortment - they're on 2 different chrms - they're on the same chrms, and exactly 50 map units apart - they're on same chrms and more than 50 map units apart

Question 41

talk about Mary Lyon (not sure if on the test)

Answer 41

random decision is made to inactivate one X- chrm