Working memory
short-term - explicit
Spatial memory
facts & events
long-term - explicit
Habits/motor skills
long-term & implicit
Implicit memory
previous experience aids in task performance without conscious recall
Explicit memory
declarative memory that requires conscious recall (names, facts, events)
Short-term memory
seconds to minutes
Long-term memory
hours to days
Short-term sensitization
- serotonin binds to GPCR receptors
- two pathways activated
2a. DAG -> PKC -> voltage gated Ca (comes in) K (goes out) channels open -> enhance NT release
2b. CAMP -> PKA -> same as above - Ca presence causes sensory neurons releasing more vesicles with glutamate
- sensory input -> sensory neuron -> (5-HTP interneuon = increase glu. increase response) -> motor neuron -> innervates muscle
Long-term sensitization
- serotonin binds to GPCR receptors
- CAMP -> PKA -> CREB
- CREB binds to CRE site which increase gene expression
- Ca in & K out leads to increase neurotransmitter release and increase attraction (the more serotonin synapses the cluster together sensory and motor grow together)
Associate facilitation
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - “meat”
1. Depolarization - Ca enters
2. activate AC -> CAMP -> PKA
3. PKA increase releases glutamate
4. Glutamate binds to NMDAR on motor neuron which increases Ca and depolarization (retrograde enhances facilitating)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - “bell”
1. depolarize sensory neuron - serotonin
2. AC -> CAMP -> PKA
Associative facilitation using Pavlov’s experiment.
The dog smells the meat, which leads to serotonin binding to 5-HT GPCR receptor. Alpha ADP-> ATP -> CAMP -> PKA -> NT glutamate is released, and there is salivation with food. When glutamate binds to NMDAR. Ca increase and leads to depolarization which sends a retrograde signal back to the sensory neuron. Strengthening response so when the bell is heard the sensory depolarizes calcium increases and cycle starts again.
LTP
long-term potentiation - facilitating synapse - excitatory neurotransmitters (high frequency - brief time)
LTD
long -term depression - depressing synapse - inhibitory neurotransmitters - (low frequency - over long period)
Hippocampus in learning and memory
- dentate gyrus: 1st place build emotional connection with memory
- hippocampal region: all memory starts here
- parahippocampal - store memory here
Is the hippocampus more involved in LTP or LTD?
LTP
Hebb’s postulate
axon of cell A is near enough to cell B to excite cell B and repeatedly fire… some growth process/metabolic changes can take place to increase cell A to B communication efficiency
What does Hebb’s postulate refer to?
synaptic modulation & plasticity
Cerebellum in learning and memory
cerebellar repetitive circuitry - control of motor learning
Is the cerebellum more involved in LTP or LTD?
LTD
What cell type is primarily responsible for the GABA release in the cerebellum?
Purkinje cells
- Describe the habitual type of memory and relate this to walking.
Thalamus -> cortex -> ventral striatum
Striatum role in learning and memory
“habitual response”
Ventral striatum
gain access to favorable outcome (habit related)
Dorsal striatum
spatial accuracy, less “reward” based (mostly motor)
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Test 1 - Neuroepigenetics31
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Test 1 - Nervous System Organization & Development70
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Test 1 - Neural Signaling13
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Test 2 - Signaling Across Synapses32
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Test 2 - Vision48
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Test 2 - Other Senses54
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Test 3 - Motion, Sleep, Feeding Review51
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Test 3 - Learning & Memory31
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Test 3 - Development & Injury Repair9
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Test 3 - Sexual Behaviors11
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Test 4 - Drugs33
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Test 4 - Neurodegeneration8
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Article Final - Schizophrenia & epigenetics30
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Test 4 - Psychiatric Disorders18
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Article Final - Alzheimer's & epigenetics4
