1
Q
prevalence of children who will experience parental divorce
A
38% of white, 75% black, before age 16
2
Q
effects of divorce on children’s psychosocial adjustment; how strong is the effect?
A
negative effects are weak
small change in GPA
effects may not be due to divorce. but factors related to divorce
effects buffered by other good relationships
3
Q
the effects of divorce on children over time (from the 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, 90s)
A
smaller effect in 70s-80s than 50s-60s
4
Q
the parental absence perspective
A
reduced resources by 50%, “father figure”, parenting is hard, the more the better, suffer without
5
Q
the economic disadvantage perspective
A
takes a lot of money to raise child (doctors, food, clothes), divorce-half of money goes away theoretically, moms generally get custody get paid less than dad often, often deal with poverty, standard of living goes down due to lack of income, child support doesn’t always happen
6
Q
the family conflict perspective
A
most common, children have more trouble because of family conflict the precedes divorce, hurts kids, strong support for this perspective, two parents together fighting more harmful to child than living with one parent
7
Q
does divorce have any effect on children when they become adults? if so, how strong of an effect?
A
yes, lower well being as adult
weak effect-perseveres to adulthood
-lower psychological adjustment, conduct problems, marital happiness.
-45% of children of divorced parents have better well being than children of intact marriage, and vice versa
8
Q
issues in relations with divorced parents (e.g., less affection, parentificaiton, etc.)
A
- less affection
- parentification: usually emotional support or instrumental, most common in daughters to mom
- parent-child conflict: increase in stress, economic problems, notable most in mother-son relationships
9
Q
the intergenerational transmission of divorce
A
- increase risk of divorce for children with divorced parents-largest effect
- 10% divorce over 2 years for those with no parental history of divorce
- 15% one of spouses exposed to divorce
- 30% if both.
- parental divorce increases odds of own divorce
10
Q
modeling theories of intergenerational transmission (ineffective marital communication skills, attitude of non-commitment to marriage, lower relationship efficacy)
A
- ineffective marital communication skills: engaged couples: if womans parents were divorced, led to more communication problems. Parental conflict is the culprit. Wives whose parents divorced enact more physical aggression. Husbands more anger and contempt
- attitude of non-commitment to marriage: children learn that marriage is not permanent. Attitude of divorce as a viable option for resolving marital problems. People whose parents are divorced hold weak/less positive attitudes towards marriage and more accepting attitudes toward divorce. However, family of origin conflict, not divorce causes these attitudes
- lower relationship efficacy: parental divorce associated with high parental conflict. Parental conflict led to lower relational efficacy. Lower relationship efficacy leads to more conflict. Offspring conflict leads to poor romantic relationship quality.
11
Q
how common are remarriages?
A
half of marriages are remarriages
75% of divorced will remarry
12
Q
how quickly do divorced people get remarried?
A
Median time is 3 years
13
Q
divorce rate of 2nd marriages
A
higher divorce rate
half
14
Q
explanations for the higher divorce rate of second marriages (e.g., divorce prone personality, etc.)
A
- divorce prone personality
- training school hypothesis: dysfunctional form of communication learned in 1st marriage, trained for bad habits
- willingness to leave marriage hyp: see divorce as an option/outcome
- dysfunctional beliefs hyp.: once individuals have gone through stuff in previous marriages, think you know everything, learned everything, think it’ll be perfect, until reality settles in
- remarriage market hypothesis: “all the good ones are taken”
15
Q
how are power and decision making affected by remarriage?
A
more equitable: personal experience in prior marriage and living single causes women to seek more power, women bring greater resources, previously married think differently about marital roles, women who are reluctant to marry gain power, men concede more during conflicts
16
Q
different types of post-divorce relationships (e.g., dissolving duos, etc.)
A
- dissolving duos: don’t talk to each other, no contact
- perfect pals: mutual respect, good friends, good comm., maintain family relationships (least likely to remarry)
- cooperative colleagues: surface focused, task oriented, business partners, compromise for children, “what time are you going to pick up the kids?”
- angry associates: resentment, parallel parenting styles/resources, not correlating
- fiery foes: no acceptance of others right, attempt to separate children from spouse, children into pawns
17
Q
how common are step family living arrangements?
A
- 25% of cohabiting couples involve child from a previous relationship
- in 2009, 16% of all children in the US lived with stepparent, stepsibling, or half
- 1/3 of all children will live with a stepparent before age of 18
18
Q
two key phases in the development of stepfamily relationships
A
- fantasy stage: hope, excited, high expectations, great relationship, positive
- immersion stage: stepparents feel like outsiders looking in, expectations shattered, children become more aware of stepparent and biological parents relationship
19
Q
communication challenges faced by stepfamilies (e.g., feeling caught, etc.)
A
- feeling caught
- ambiguity of parental roles (friends vs. discipliners), trying to find balance
- regulating boundaries with noncustodial family
- traumatic bonding: most often between mother and daughter, usually veiry close, can create problems in the future, stepparents often jealous
- vying for resources: money, space, privacy
- discrepancies in conflict mgmt. styles
- building solidarity as a family unit
20
Q
well being of children in step families
A
more problems in academics, internalizing problems, externalizing behavior problems
21
Q
explanations for well being of children in step families (e.g., various stress models, step parent involvement model, etc.)
A
- stress models: reparenting is stressful, marital disruptions are stressful, parental compotence compromised, conflict, economic deprivation, incomplete institutionalization hypothesis (absence of social norms, support)
- stepparent involvement model: stepparents could be disengaged (after rejection) less interaction
- stepparent role model
22
Q
dialectical tensions in relations with nonresidential parents
A
- stepchildren want nonresidential parent involved in parenting, and at the same time they resisted it (nonresidential parenting was disruptive in every day lives, anticipated conflict b/t nonresidential parent and stepparent, divided loyalties, fear of all adult coalition of coparenting)
- stepchildren wanted open and intimate comm. with nonresidential parents, yet they found openness to be problematic (managed via segmentation-being open about some topics and closed about others, unsafe to discuss residential parent stepparent or life in the stepfamily household, safe to discuss surface issues only)
23
Q
family routines
A
- repetitive behaviors
- crucial to structure of family life
- lack the symbolism and the anticipatory nature that rituals possess
- often activities that family members HAVE to do rather than WANT to do
- rituals that lose meaning or become mundane can take on routine status
- Examples: meals (breakfast, dinner), household chores done together (e.g. cleaning the house on saturday), watching TV together, shopping together (e.g. buying clothes and school supplies at beginning of school year)
24
Q
family rituals and their qualities
A
- e.g. funerals, weddings
- symbolic comm.
- acted out in systematic fashion over time
- family members experience satisfaction from rituals
- special meaning that establish and preserve family’s identity
- facilitate family communication
- maintain cohesive bonds in family
- give everyone a shared sense of belonging
- clarify roles
- delineate boundaries (e.g. invite to wedding, don’t invite)
- define rules
- can be specific events, annual happenings, daily occurences
- create values and ideals
- ways to connect and show appreciation
25
types of family rituals (e.g. family celebrations)
- family celebrations: culture specific, affirm family's ties to community, can be: rites of passage (baptisms, graduations, weddings), religious celebrations (Christmas, Passover), or secular holidays (4th of july)
- family traditions: meaning is specific to each family, e.g. reunions, anniversaries
- patterned family interactions: regular interactions, customary bedtime, dinner time, regular vacations.
26
functions of family rituals (e.g. socializing)
- socializing: transmit values
- stabilizing and protective functions: help deal with stressors and transitions
- therapeutic functions: get distressed families back on their feet, keep them going. Rituals particularly important during times of transition and stress (weddings, funerals)
27
benefits of family rituals (e.g. marital satisfaction)
marital satifaction, children's health, stronger family relations
28
similarities and differences between routines and rituals
often have similar appearance (involve more than one family member, involve overt behavior, repetition of form and content, there is continuity and change in both
-differences: amount of emotion involved (rituals have more), amount of symbolism (ritual more), behavior in rituals is relatively unique and out of the ordinary, rituals involve unique staging (preparation, enactment, and return to normal), routines are converted to rituals when they move from instrumental to symbolic acts
29
functions of family stories (e.g. referential)
- referential: define family history, mark key events
- evaluative: relationships, behaviors, community, society; make sense of things
- socializing: create a sense of shared identity, children and new family members (in laws)
30
changing demographics of the elderly population
- life expectancy 47 in 1900, 78.7 in 2011
- by 2025, over 54 million people will be at least 65
- medical breakthroughs
- three and four generations family common
31
marital satisfaction in later life
- high and stable
- survival effect-bad relationships taken out, happy ones left
- communication disengaged- not as "intense", more laid back
- fewer marital problems
- continuity- happy young, happy old. stressful young, stressful old
32
association with children leaving home
?
33
retirement and the division of household labor- does it change?
- husbands incorporation into the home
- negotiate how to spend and pass time
- success in early transitions-success in retirement
- loss of employment role-dissatisfaction, spillover into marriage
34
sex differences in widowhood
- life expectancy: 75 men, 80 women
- women marry older men
- 4x more widows than widowers
- 2/3 of all women over 75 who have ever been married will be widows
35
phases of adjustment to widowhood
- loosen bonds to spouse
- reality demands of daily functioning
- new activities
- successful adjustment
- remarriage until 50
36
effects of elderly family members death on subsequent generations
?
37
cultural norms of family care giving
Anglos bottom of list, spouse is primary source
38
burdens of care giving and receiving
caregiving spouses=more strain
| caregiving receivers spouses=stressful, especially for men, feel guilty
39
who provides care to the elderly?
- spouse, adult children, sibiling, other relatives, neighbors
- women more than men
40
identity issues in caregiving (e.g. reversal of child-parent relationship)
- reversal of child-parent relationship
| - compotence as a caregiver
41
factors that increase contact between siblings in later life
- need to care for ailing parents and death of parents
| - widowhood
42
predictors of sibling contact (e.g. proximity, family size, etc.)
- proximity
- family size (neg. association)
- sex (female female more)
- presence of other relationships
43
styles of grandparenthood
- formal: common, clear boundaries, don't take on parenting roles, minor services, gifts, low frequency contact with grandchildren other than weddings, bdays, etc.)
- fun seeker: common, leisure oriented, vacation, pool, self-indulgent, indulge grand children, focused on fun
- surrogate parent: taking on job of parents, substitutes, difficult, usually somethings wrong with adult child
- reservoir of family wisdom: often grandpa, knowledge, formal but valued for knowledge and resources. patriarchal
- distant figure: in the shadows, background, often geographically distant, distant relationship
44
cultural differences in grandparent status
- Asian, American Indian, African American grandmas and pas have high status
- In american indian, hands on and intense, involved in child care and rearing (ex: surrogate)
45
how do grandparents and grandchildren stay in touch?
- either a few times a year or few times a month
- face to face and telephone more common than written
- face to face rare with distance
46
basic family role functions (e.g.gender roles)
- gender roles (sexuality with partner and gender model for children)
- nurturing and emotional support
- individual development
- kinship maintenance and family management-keeping family together
- providing basic resources
47
sources of role expectations (e.g. media, etc.)
- media
- significant others
- complementory others (what you're supposed to do)
48
felt obligations
the expectations for appropriate behavior as perceived within the context of specific, personal relationships with kin across the life cycle.
49
perceptions of family obligations (e.g. family contact and participation in ritual)
- family contact and participation in ritual
- assistance
- conflict avoidance (don't rock the boat, bite your tongue)
- self-sufficiency
- personal sharing in specific relationships (wives higher than husbands, unmarried higher obligation to parents than married)
50
husband-wife differences in perceptions of obligations
wives feel more obligation
51
work-family conflict
- work stress leads to behavior at home
- job stress leads to feeling overloaded and conflict between work and family roles
- WFC role pressures at work interfere with family functioning
52
stress transfer effect
-role pressures at work interfering with family functioning
53
factors that promote WFC
job involvement, job stress, work support, and work hours
54
family-work conflict
when role pressures at home interfere with functioning at work
55
factors that promote FWC
- greater home demands lead to greater FWC
- higher FWC, work related exhaustion
- driven by family conflict, stress, support, and family hours
56
family > work spillover (what family stressors spill over to work?)
- caregiving professions
- children dependence on parents
- transportation
- angst
- finances
- independence of older children
57
communication mechanisms for coping with family stress at work
- work immersion
- work as social outlet
- venting with coworkers
- venting with supervisor
- affirmation and assistance from coworkers
- seeking advice from coworkers
- instrumental support from supervisor
- "" from coworkers
58
crossover or carry over effects
- when one family members job pressure has effects on another family members well-being, job demands lead to conflict with spouse, husbands stressed are more withdrawn while wives are more angry and critical
- crossover into parent-child relationship as well.
59
the expansion hypothesis
historically multiple role strain viewed as negative, multiple roles may be positive for some people
- multiple roles bring rewards such as monetary income, self esteem, power to delegate, challenges
- can have energizing effects on people
- benefit of one role (spouse, parent), can buffer against ill effects of others (job)
60
critical transition hypothesis
stress and transition, families change interaction structure
61
stages of the life cycle
1. ) leaving home-redefine relationships with parents (less dependent), develop intimate peer relationships, establish self-identity
2. ) joining families through marriage: the new couple: negative expectations for marriage, recalibrate idealized feelings toward partner, negotiate/reconstruct social networks
3. ) families with young children: adjust marriage to make room for children-child rearing and socialization, adjust relationships with grandparents
4. ) families with adolescents: adjust rel. with child for more autonomy, manage parent-child conflicts, refocus on middle stage of marriage, care of elderly parents.
5. ) launching children: adjust back to a marital dyad, develop adult relationships with grown children, expand family supersystems for inlaws, cope with death/disability of elderly family members
6. ) families in later life: maintain couple interests-in face of physical disabilities, cope with death/disability, negotiate relationships for assistance with self care, review life goals and prepare for death
62
cultural myth vs. reality of launching children or empty nest syndrome
empty nest marriages aren't trouble, empty nest syndrome is.
63
why do children leave home?
school, marriage/cohabitation, desire for independence, military duty, employment
64
stepfamilies and child departure
5-6x more likely in stepfamilies to leave home
65
tasks for children leaving home
change in behavior, recalibrate relationship with parents, balance autonomy with contact/closeness
66
boomerang kids
leave home and return, 50% of young adults
67
functioning of parents whose children leave home
positive outcomes for parents, positive mood and well being increases, less daily hassles, "empty" nest parents no more depressed than those living with children. New freedom, diminished responsibility, increased privacy, parents must realign relationships with children, situate parents in expanding family structure
68
what are parent-child relations like during the launching stage?
stay in close touch, usually live close by
69
how do parents continue to act as parents?
exchange of emotional support and advice.
70
role identity theory
people derive meaning/purpose from the roles they identify with, like that of being a parent
71
social exchange theory and the decision to leave home
subsidize children's departure for privacy and freedom, children now have a newfound sense of appreciation for parents
72
parent subsidizing of child departures
subsidize children's departure for privacy and freedom
73
"empty nest" marriages
marriage regains prominence, could live together 30 years after children leave, higher marital satisfaction, especially in women.
74
what is the hallmark sign of couples who divorce after children leave home? (in phone and notes)
early childrearing, married 20 years at onset of empty nest leads to 300% increase in risk of divorce, *delayed vs undelayed children rearing most important
75
why does marital satisfaction increase during the empty nest stage?
increased enjoyment of time with partner
76
categories of family violence
- child
- physical
- sexual
- emotional
- physical neglect
- emotional neglect
- marital or intimate partner violence
- elder abuse
p. 347
1. ) child maltreatment
2. ) marital/intimate partner violence
3. ) elder abuse
77
how common is family violence/ abuse?
| statistics
the exact answer may never be known.
- However, annual rate of intimate partner violence is 5 per 1000 women
- some kind of violence transpired between spouses in the the past year=16% of households
- 25% of all couples report at least one act of physical violence at some point in their marriage
- 10.1 per 1000 children were maltreated in 2009
- 11% of all females and 4% of all males age 15 and up have been victims of severe sexual abuse
78
family environments associated with child physical abuse (e.g. adaptability and cohesion, conflict, verbal aggression)
p.348
low adaptability and cohesion and problematic parenting behavior plus conflict leads to physical child abuse which leads to child aggression toward parent, relationship violence, psychological problems, and abuse of own children
-very low cohesion and adaptability are big risk factors for child physical abuse
79
intergenerational transmission of abuse (do abused children go on to abuse their children?)
- 20-30% of abused children become abusive parents
- most abused children DO NOT repeat the mistakes of their parents. However, consider the fact that only 5% of parents in the general population abuse their children, implying a six fold increase in abuse rates as a function of a childhood history of abuse
80
family environments associated with child sexual abuse (e.g. cohesion, adaptability, family isolation, etc.)
low adap. and cohesion and family isolation and parental absence and boundary violations and conflict and intergenerational family dysfunction leads to child sexual abuse which then leads to psychological problems, interpersonal problems, and revictimization
-family isolation: not on the radar of many other people, lack of surveillence, feel they can get away with more
81
the revictimization effect
child sexual abuse is associated with greater vulnerability to victimization in adulthood
-a history of child sexual abuse= an increased risk of subsequent abuse by other family members and increased risk of sexual assault and rape in adulthood
82
interaction behaviors in violent marriages (e.g. negativity, verbal aggression)
negativity, aggression, put downs
83
intergenerational transmission of spouse violence (e.g. child observation of parental violence > commission of spousal violence later in child's life
child observation of parental violence > commission of spousal violence later in child's life
84
association between marital violence and physical child abuse
"In clinical samples of either battered women or physically abused children, the percentage of overlap ranged from 20% to 100%."
??
85
definitions of eating disorders
anorexia: refusal to maintain a normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, distrubance in body image perception
bulimia: recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating, inappropriate compensatory behaviors to control weight gain (ex: self induced vomiting, laxatives), undue influence of body shape and weight on self-evaluations
86
family adap. and coh. and eating disorders
- eating disorders associated with low family cohesion
- eating disordered children given lower ratings to their family's cohesiveness than their parents do
- low family adap. is a risk factor for eating disorders (not flexible)
- extreme adaptability (either too much or too little) can be a risk for eating disorders
87
parenting problems (e.g. distrubed affective expression)
- disturbed affective expression
- excessive overprotectiveness, excessive control
- overprotectiveness+lack of warmth="affectionless control"
88
maternal problems (e.g. overprotection)
- mothers overprotective and less caring
- emotional coldness, indifference, rejection
- mothers think their daughters need to lose weight
- mothers rate daughters as less attractive than daughters rated themselves
- mothers model extreme dieting and body image concern
89
importance of family issues in adolescent substance abuse
-family variables important up to 16, then peers
90
family adaptability and cohesion and adol. substance abuse
- extreme adaptability or cohesion
- alcohol consumption positively predicted by parental derogation and family alcohol problems, and neg. predicted by family cohesion and a measure of parent-child comm
- open parent-child comm. and family cohesion negatively predicted marijuana use in adolescents
91
parenting behaviors and adol. alcohol abuse
parental alcoholism and child self esteem
parenting model of substance use and abuse
- parent alcoholism neg. associated with child self esteem
- parental alcoholism leads to disregard of child
- parental alcoholism associ. with greater alienation, poorer comm, less trust, greater emotional longing, more neg. attitudes toward parent
92
husband wife relations and alcoholism
- alcoholic males think their wives are domineering
- change with intoxication (often ok when sober)
- competition
- in some cases faciliates affect expression
93
functions of alcoholism in marital dyad
- signal: a member of the system is under stress
- chronic stressor: alcoholism is maladaptive to the marriage, associated with disatisfaction, neg. marital interactive patterns, and higher levels of marital violence
- stabilizing: alcohol temporarily resolve family stress, spouses may become more positive when intoxicated
94
depression and marital distress
| the marital discord model of depression
- greater depression, less marital satisfaction
- 50% of all distressed marriages are depressed
- 50% of all depressed women are in distressed marriages
95
children of depressed parents, childhood experiences in the family of origin and later depression
- at risk
- depression interferes with parenting
- parental rejection, overprotectiveness, emotional unavailability leads to depression in adulthood
- abuse and neglect as child leads to depression
96
maternal depression and responses to the child
- neg. trait perceptions of child
- neg. affective reactions
- lower relationship satisfaction
97
symptoms of schizo
- major disturbance in the content of thought
- disturbance in form of thought
- perceptual distortions
98
expressed emotion +schizo
family expressed emotion: criticism, over-involvement, overprotectiveness, excessive attention, emotional reactivity
- high EE parents have high expectations
- don't understand the illness
- frustration and resentment
- predicts relapse
99
communication deviance +schizo
- ambigious speech
- no clear referent
- an environmental stressor
- discriminates families with and without a schizophrenic member
100
how strong is the effect of family relationships on health, compared to other health risk factors?
as powerful as the most traditionally recognized medical risk factors-as strong as smoking, obesity, blood pressure
101
what is the most important type of support from family members?
emotional support: listening, empathy, sense of being cared for
102
health status of married, widowed, divorced, and never married in comparison to each other
-divorced and never marrieds employment are 3x more likely to develop coronary heart disease
103
critical vs. hostile family relationships—which have the strongest effect on health?
- criticism, aggression, violence has strong negative effects
- critical or hostile family rel. have stronger influence on physical health than do supportive rel.
104
unsatisfactory marital relationships as a source of stress
| marital communication and endocrine (hormone) functioning
dissatisfying marriage=health risk
| -attachment disruption and separation distress
105
health effects of poor marital adjustment (e.g., immune system, risky lifestyle)
- distress
- poor adjustment and less immunology
- greater illness in non initiators
- quality interpersonal relations attenuate immunological changes associated with distress
106
health effects of a supportive marriage (e.g., promote psychological well-being)
better psychological well-being, health enhancing behaviors (exercise), and personal care and health maintenance (mitigate risks)
107
effects of arguing with a spouse and feeling understood by spouse
more physical symptoms if argued more, less if felt understood
108
allostasis
autonomic nervous systems and HPA axis driving cardiac, metabolic, and immune system responses to protect the body by responding to stress
-long term stress leads to high allostatic load
109
positive relationships and allostatic load
lower allostatic load
| -not absence of negative affect, how it's handled
110
interdependent psychological well-being in cancer patients and their partners
- neg. affect of stress experienced by women with breast cancer leads to higher depression in their partner
- over time, the more depressed and anxious partners were, more dep. and anx. patient was
- emotional contagion
- patients and partners on a similar psychological trajectory
- family systems concepts of mutual influence and interdependence
111
TEST QUESTION: Which of the following factors is associated with a 5 to 6 times greater likelihood of leaving home during young adulthood: a. high socioeconomic status, b. low education, c. premarital childbirth, d. living in a stepfamily
d. living in a stepfamily
112
TEST QUESTION: a hallmark sign of couples who divorce once their children leave home is...
undelayed child rearing
Comm 407 test 3
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
# Cards
