Test 3 Week 2

Question 1

What age group gets “rotavirus” more?

Answer 1

Kids

Question 2

What age group gets “giardia” more?

Answer 2

Adults

Question 3

What does the EIA (enzyme immunoassay) do? What’s it for?

Answer 3

Changes color when it binds antigen

detecting antigen in GI

Question 4

What does the LFA test do (lateral flow assay)? What’s it for?

Answer 4

Detects antigens from GI

Faster than EIA

Question 5

What color does Vibrio Cholera grow?

Answer 5

Yellow

Question 6

What is ETEC?

Answer 6

Entero Toxic E.Coli (ET was a Traveler)

Question 7

What are the 4 non-inflammatory diarrheal causes?

Answer 7

Vibrio Cholera, ETEC, S. Aureus, Bacillus Cereus

Question 8

What are three systemic things Salmonella can cause?

Answer 8

Osteomyelitis
Endocarditis
Mycotic Aneurysm

Question 9

What is dysentery?

Answer 9

Bloody diarrhea

Question 10

What’s the most used agar for Salmonella and Shigella?

Answer 10

HE

Mac

Question 11

What color is Salmonella?

Answer 11

Black

Question 12

What color is Shigella?

Answer 12

Green

Question 13

What are two things about campylobacter to know about it’s growth?

Answer 13

Microaerophilic

42 degree growth

Question 14

What are two things Yersinia Enterocolitica is known for?

Answer 14

Longer onset, longer duration (hence the granulomatous lymph nodes)

Question 15

What type of a colony does Yersinia Entero grow?

Answer 15

Bulls Eye on CIN

Question 16

What’s the number for EHEC?

Answer 16

0157:H7 (STEC: shiga toxin E.coli)

Question 17

What are two things to know about Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 17

Southeast Asia

Bradycardia

Question 18

What are the 6 non-inflammatory diarrheal causes?

Answer 18

Vibrio Cholera, ETEC, S. Aureus, Bacillus Cereus

Rotovirus, Norovirus

Question 19

Where does “norovirus” get spread most often?

Answer 19

on cruise ships

Question 20

How long do diarrheal viruses take to heal?

Answer 20

3-7 days

Question 21

What is ORS?

Answer 21

Oral Rehydration solution (salts)

Question 22

What type of diarrhea do viruses cause?

Answer 22

watery

Question 23

Where do “noninflammatory” diarrhea occur? and What type of poop is it?

Answer 23

Small intestine

Watery

Question 24

Where is “inflammatory” diarrhea occuring? What are symptoms?

Answer 24

Colon
Dysentery (bloody)
fever/GI pain

Question 25

What are the 5 inflammatory diarrheal causes? SSCYE

Answer 25

``` Shigella Salmonella Campylobacter Yersinia Enterocolitica EHEC (also Clostridium difficile) ```

Question 26

What are the two things that can be done to help reduce HAI's? (healthcare acquired infections)

Answer 26

Transmission from one person to another | Portal of entry

Question 27

What would cause an "uncomplicated UTI"?

Answer 27

1. Infection * *Not pregnant * *Normal Urinary anatomy * *No comorbidities (healthy)

Question 28

What would cause a "complicated UTI"?

Answer 28

``` Any one of these....(it's harder for these people to clear it) Pregnant Abnormal urological anatomy Diabetic Immune compromised Catheter Male ```

Question 29

What's the difference between "urethritis", "cystitis" and "pyelonephritis"?

Answer 29

Urethritis: infection of urethra Cystitis: lower bladder infection Pyelonephritis: Upper UTI (kidneys, ureters)

Question 30

What is "dysuria"

Answer 30

pain with urinating

Question 31

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

Answer 31

Dysuria increased urge and frequency to urinate Suprapubic pain

Question 32

What are the symptoms of 'pyelonephritis"?

Answer 32

Fever/Chills Vertebral pain Nausea/Vomiting Cystitis

Question 33

What are the 3 diagnostics for old person UTI?

Answer 33

Symptoms Culture Inflammation on urinalysis (dipstick of urine with WBC)

Question 34

When would antibiotics be used on an "asymptomatic UTI"?

Answer 34

Pregnant Pre-urology procedure Renal transplant Neutropenic (no neutrophils)

Question 35

What's the most frequently ordered, but least sensitive test?

Answer 35

O and P trichome

Question 36

What is "pyuria"?

Answer 36

pus in the urine

Question 37

What's different about Catheter associated UTI's?

Answer 37

Lack of symptoms (no need to urinate or frequency) | lack of pyuria means they don't have Ca-UTI

Question 38

What's the current recommended approach, especially for domestic parasite diarrhea? (giardia, E. Hysto, Crypto)

Answer 38

EIA/LFA (eia is a "sandwich" antigen test, lfa is like a pregnancy antigen test)

Question 39

Can normal stains detect coccidia?

Answer 39

no

Question 40

What's the test of the future?

Answer 40

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Question 41

What's the longest roundworm?

Answer 41

Ascaris

Question 42

Where does the "trichurus" whipworm reside?

Answer 42

Colon

Question 43

How long do hookworms live?

Answer 43

5-7 years (longest)

Question 44

What was the last adjuvant approved for vaccines?

Answer 44

Monophosphoryl Lipid A | FENDrix Cervavix

Question 45

How do adjuvants work?

Answer 45

They help the vaccine work in the best possible way

Question 46

What's an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 46

It is "live" but has reduced virulence

Question 47

What's a "killed" vaccine?

Answer 47

It's inactivated pathogen, requires adjuvant, and multiple doses to be effective

Question 48

What are the 5 things O and P stains don't see?

Answer 48

``` Cryptospore Cyclospore Isospore Microsporidia Entamoeba hystolytica ```

Question 49

What's the current state of the art Ova and Parasite exam?

Answer 49

Formalin and Polyvinyl alcohol Fixed

Question 50

How many specimens should be collected from suspected worms/parasites patients?

Answer 50

3 stools on different days

Question 51

What type of antigens produce the best vaccines?

Answer 51

Thymus dependent

Question 52

What type of immunoglobulin is transferred through the placenta?

Answer 52

IgG

Question 53

What type of immunoglobulin is transferred through the milk?

Answer 53

IgA

Question 54

What are the 7 preventable infections from a hospital?

Answer 54

``` CLABSI (central line associated blood infection) CAUTI (catheter associated UTI) SSI (surgical site infection) C. diff MRSA pneumo GI illness ```

Question 55

What are 8 common hospital acquired pathogens?

Answer 55

``` C. diff Staph aureus Klebsiella E.Coli Enterococcus Pseudomonas A. Candida Streptococcus ```

Question 56

What are the 3 Gram neg bugs that cause UTI?

Answer 56

E coli Klebsiella Proteus Mirabilis

Question 57

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria?

Answer 57

Positive urine culture without symptoms of UTI and no signs of inflammation.

Question 58

How is an O and P exam done?

Answer 58

Fixed with "formalin and polyvinyl alcohol" Specimen is concentrated Trichrome stain Iodine stain

Question 59

What are the most common "uncomplicated Pyelonephritis" medications used?

Answer 59

Fluoroquinolones | TMP-SMX (bactrim)