1
Q
Diagnosis begins with specimen collection: (2)
A
- asepsis
* correct sample
2
Q
Not sterile, doing things with as little contamination as possible.
A
*asepsis
3
Q
Using correct procedure to get right specimen.
ex:blood, urine
A
*correct sample
4
Q
This is done to see if there is anything growing in the blood.
-any growth at all needs to be reported
A
*blood culture
5
Q
- disinfect with iodine or chlorhexidine
- DONT re-palpitate
- 2 samples from 1 venipuncture
- repeat 30 min later
- of the 2 samples: 1 aerobe, 1 anaerobe
A
*blood culture
6
Q
- clean catch(mid stream)
- dirty catch
- catheter
- suprapubic catheter
A
*urine collection
7
Q
When you do not catch urine mid stream is called___.
A
*dirty catch
8
Q
When you go into abdominal wall and into the bladder to collect urine.
-anaerobic sample
A
*suprapubic catheter
9
Q
- synovial (joint fluid, clear)
- peritoneal, pericardial, pleural
- cyst, abcess
- CSF(cerebral spinal fluid, clear)
- antiseptic/aseptic
- needle aspiration (MD)
- note appearance
- most fluids collected by MD
A
*other fluids
10
Q
- mucus from lower resp system
- usually upon waking
- avoid saliva
- deep coughing(possible percussion)
- suction catheter (Luken’s trap), used to avoid saliva, uncomfortable
A
*sputum
11
Q
-moistened transport swab(culturette-has enough fluid to support bacteria, but not let it grow)-avoid inside of the mouth
A
*throat swab
12
Q
-swab (surface), get pus on swab
-scrape (deeper, done on epithelial
-avoid surrounding skin, just want bacterial microbes
-
A
*wound culture
13
Q
A problem with wound cultures is:
A
*a lot of bacteria is anaerobic which makes it hard for culture to grow
14
Q
- skin
- nose: avoid inside of nostrils to get into nasal cavity
- genital: STI’s
- avoid surrounding surfaces
A
*other swabs
15
Q
- main concern: environmental contamination(dont want other things to get in)
- note appearance (consistancy, color)
- note any abnormalities
A
*stool
16
Q
- transport within 15 min or refrigerate
- Dont refrigerate CSF(meningitis is sensitive to cold), vaginal/penile, specimens or anaerobes(b/c it causes O2)
- label appropriately (name, what it is, diagnosis, what kind of test)
A
*all specimens
17
Q
After the lab has the specimen, its now time to:(4)
A
- direct testing
- cultivation
- isolation
- identification
18
Q
3 methods of microbial identification:
A
- phenotypic
- genotypic
- immunologic
19
Q
- how a microbe acts, look like, and does is called ___.
- looking for genetics involved is called___.
- looking for antibody or antigen is called___.
A
- phenotypic
- genotypic
- immunologic
20
Q
- morphology
- physiological/biochemical characteristics(gas production, uses of different sugars)
- chemical analysis(what lipids and proteins are part of the cell)
- direct and indirect testing
A
*phenotypic
21
Q
- what it looks like under a microscope is called___.
- what a colony looked like under a plate is called___.
- these are two types of morphology.
A
- microscopic
* macroscopic
22
Q
- staining(acid or gram)
- colony morphology(what color is it, borders look like)
- direct observation of specimen(looking at the tube for a weird appearance)
A
*phenotypic direct
23
Q
How things look after staining is called___.
A
*phenotypic direct
24
Q
- selective/differential media
- biochemical testing
- other test
ex: phage typing, antimicrobial sensitivity test
A
*phenotypic indirect(how it acts)
25
- genetic analysis: breaking down genetic code
- no need to culture
- fast
- require specialized equipment, exspensive
*genotypic methods
26
- DNA analysis with genetic probes
- rRNA analysis(everything has but same in same species)
- PCR(great for a small sample, sending through a copier)
*genotypic
27
- pre made kits(all rapid test) ex:preg test
- often easier than detecting the actual pathogen
- serology:blood serum, can run on anything that has liquid
- specificity and sensitivity
- visualization and Ab-Ab intereactions
- used all the time
*immunologic methods
28
How specific is the test, only recognizes the pathogen your looking for.
*specificity
29
Ability to detect small amounts of pathogens.
*sensitivity
30
- false positive test are called ___.
| - false negative test are called___.
* low specificity
| * low sensitivity
31
- agglutination: whole cells/organisms, common for blood test
- precipitation: Ag as soluble molecule
- clumping:means positive
- becoming obsolete, not reliable
*agglutination and precipitation
32
- prepare dilutions of patient serum
- equal amount of Ag in each tube
- highest dilution that still agglutinates=titer
- diagnose disorders
- determine immunology
- can be misleading in diagnosing
*antibody titers
33
- antisera against cell surface features
- identify specific strains of a certain bacteria
- flagella, fimbria, LPS
- ex: salmonella, e-coli
*serotyping
34
- separate proteins by lysing cell
- separate proteins by eletrophoresis
- proteins transferred to filter
- label filter
- compare to controls
- very sensitive and specific
- gold standard of immunologic test
- confirming test for HIV
*western blot
35
Exposing to antibody looking for antigen
*label filter
36
- antibody labeled with fluorescent dye
- direct testing-Ab-->slide with sample (looking for Ag)
- indirect testing-Ab--> Fc region of Ab in human serum-->slide with sample (looking for antibody)
- if it glows: antibody found antigen=positive
*immunofluorescence testing
37
- faster
- more accurate
- sensitive and specific
- several types
*immunoassays
38
- Abs or Ags labeled with radioactive isotope
- RIST,RAST
- allergy testing, detection of hormones
- automated
*radioimmunoassay
39
- looking for immunologic is called___.
| - looking for allergens is called___.
* rist
| * rast
40
- indicator Ab linked to some enzyme(horseradish)
- indirect(antibody) or direct(antigen)
- very commonly used test more, pre kits
- have issues thats why conformation test are done
*ELISA
41
- detect microbe Abs in sera
- known Ag absorbed to well
- unknown pt Ab added
- rinse
- indicator Ab added
- rinse
- enzyme substrate added
- color change(positive)
*indirect ELISA (looking for antibody)
42
- detect unknown Ags in sera
- known Ab absorbed to well
- unknown Ag added
- enzyme linked Ab added
- enzyme substrate added
- color change(positive)
*direct ELISA(looking for antigen)
43
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat and sebaceous glands
integument
44
Rash of the skin is called___.
| Relates to fever, a lot of rashes are associated with is called___.
* exanthem
| * febrile
45
- first line of defense
- epidermis
- dermis
*skin
46
- outer layer of skin, consist of:
- stratum corneum
- antimicrobial peptides
- sebaceous glands
- perspiration
*epidermis
47
Produce sebum or oil, normal bacteria eat oil and produce waste with low pH which kill off bad microbes.
*sebaceous glands
48
The part of the skin in touch with the outside world, has keratin that water proofs skin.
*stratum corneum
49
Short protein that have weak charge with antimicrobial properties.
*antimicrobial peptides
50
Sweat, has certain enzymes that makes hostile environment for microbes.
*perspiration
51
When epidermis separates from dermis.
*blister
52
Everywhere but more dense in some places, most in wrong place cause disease or certain strands
*normal skin microbes
53
- yeast
- staphylococcus
- streptococcus
* these two live on skin
- propionibacterium
- corynebacterium
- pseudomonas
- janthinobacterium
- --these are all ___.
*normal skin microbes
54
- s. aureus: disease all over, coagulase positive
- s.epidermis: coagulase negative
* both look the same under microscope
*staph
55
- flat to slightly raised colored bumps
| - pathology: get into resp tract and spread out through blood
*maculopapular rash
56
- measles(rubeola)
- rubella
- fifth disease
- roseola
* all viruses that are treated the same way
- scarlet fever
These are examples of ___.
*maculopapular rashes
57
- cause: virus
- signs/symptoms:
* gets in resp tract, dry cough, sore throat, fever, headache, conjunctivitis
* Koplik's spots: little leasions inside mouth
* rash
- rash spreads head-->body, and, last for a week
*measles(rubeola)
58
- highly transmissble: droplet, contact, direct
- clinical dx or IgM ELISA
- MMR vaccine
- palliative tx, vitamin A
*measles (rubeola)
59
Alive intinuative, takes care of measles, mumps, and rubella
*MMR vaccine
60
Complications:
- ear infection
- get pneumonia
- encephalitis
- SSPE
*measles(rubeola)
61
Form of encephalitis, shows up in younger kids, causes conjunctivitis and muscular decline, by the time its recognized death is near, dosent appear until 7-10 years after infection.
*SSPE
62
- virus
- signs/symptoms:
* post
* congenital
- clinical dx, IgM or IgG
- MMR vaccine
- palliative tx
- mild 3 day rash
- no complications
*rubella
63
You get after you were born, no big deal, rash for 3 days and fever.
*post rash
64
Born with rubella, crosses placenta, miscarraige, born early, potential blindness, and mental hadicaps.
*congenital
65
- cause: parvovirus B19
- signs/symptoms:
* fever
* rash starts around face and ends toward body and keeps reappearing for weeks.
- very contagious by droplet or direct contact
*fifth disease
66
- clinical dx, may use IgM to rule our Rubella
- palliative tx
- confluent rash with "slap cheek" appearance
- no vaccine
*fifth disease
67
- cause: HHV-6 or HHV-7 (human herpes virus)
- signs/symptoms:
* very high fever for 3 days
- mildly contagious by droplets, resp tract
- clinical dx
*roseola
68
- palliative care: keep fever down
- rash after fever or no rash at all
- complications:
* trying to link to other diseases(MS)
*roseola
69
- cause: S.pyogenes with erythrogenic toxin(makes difference between sore throat and scarlet fever)
- signs/symptoms:
* secondary to sore throat
* bumpy sand paper rash
* strawberry tongue
- transmission: droplet contact
*scarlet fever
70
- diagnosis: culture and rapid test
- tx: antibiotics(penicillin)
- rash thats bumpy and sand papery
*scarlet fever
71
- both causes:
* impetigo
* cellulitis
- morphology differences: colony and micro
- catalase test
- toxins:
* coagulase(staph)
* others
* S(staph).aureus(clumps)
| * S(strep).pyogenes(chains, gram positive)
72
Test that either fizzes or it doenst.
- fizz for staph
- no fizz for strep
*catalase test
73
- caused by:
* staph:older kids/adults
* strep:newborns
- flaking, peeling, crusty lesions
- transmission primarily by direct contact
- oral cephalexin or topical meds
- clinical dx, may culture
- prevent with good hygiene
*impetigo
74
- caused by: strep or staph
- infection of dermis and other tissues
- pain, swelling, redness
- parenteral implantation: scratch or improperly cared for med equipment
- clinical dx
- tx: cephalexin, penicillin, or surgery(cut out infected tissue)
- prevent with good hygiene
*cellulitis
75
- caused by: staph or strep, flesh eating disease
- type I(polymicrobial) or type II (monomicrobial) strep
- superantigens(causes overwhelming response)
- high mortality rate if left untreated, may have to get amputation
- bacteria travel along fascia
- tissue damage due to toxins
*necrotizing fascitis
76
3 other staph infections are:
* staphlococcal scalded skin syndrome(SSSS)
* folliculitis
* abscess
77
Big problem in newborns:
- exfoliative toxin: causes skin to slough
- bullous lesions: enormous lesions
- desquamation: skin sloughs off
*staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)
78
In grown hair that gets infected.
*folliculitis
79
Pockets of infections that happen where ever.
- furuncles: individual boils or abscess
- carbuncles: one big boil or abscess
*abscess
80
- cause: HHV-3(varicella-zoster virus)
- pustular rash: fluid lesions
- HIGHLY transmissible by droplet contact or aerosolized lesion fluid
- 10-20 day incubation
*chickenpox
81
- clinical dx
- palliative care
- centripetal rash, 4-7 days starts with limbs and moves to the center
- live attenuated vaccine
*chickenpox
82
- cause: HHV-3 reactivates in nerves, hides in nervous system
- very painful
- thoracic and trigeminal nerves
- live attenuated vaccine
*shingles
83
- causes: many (HPV)
- also called: papillomas, verucas
- common, flat, plantar
- transmission for direct or indirect contact
- usually harmless
- many home tx or cryosurgery
*warts
84
- cause: protozoan leishmania
- large pustular skin lesions
- spread by female sand flies
- mucocutaneous or systemic
- endemic to equatorial regions
*leishmaniasis
85
- cause: contact with endospores of bacillus anthracis
- large pustular lesions
- fatal 20% of the time
- tx: antibiotics (cepro)
*cutaneous anthrax
86
Big lesions with dead skin.
*eschar
87
- cause: dermatophytes(fungi)
- cutaneous mycoses
- tinea and based on body part
- affects only non-living tissue
- direct(human or animal) and indirect(fomites) contact or soil
- tx: topical antifungals
*ringworm
88
- conjunctiva
- cornea
- first line of defenses:
* mucus
* tears(lysozyme): best defense of eye, lysozyme breaks down enzymes.
- not much normal biota
* S.aureus, S.epidermidis
* corynebacterium
*eye
89
Membrane that covers whites of eye and back of eye lid.
*conjunctiva
90
Covers pupil of the eye.
*cornea
91
- cause: bacterial and viral
- pinkeye(inflammed conjunctiva)
- milky(bacterial) or watery(viral) exudate
- transmission: direct, indirect, vertical
- usually clinically diagnosed
- tx: topical antibiotics
- prevent with good hygiene
*conjunctivitis
92
Mucus and pus exudate(bacterial) is called___.
*mucopurulent
93
- invasion deeper into eye, involving cornea
- cause: misdirected HSV-1 or 2 bacterial acanthamoeba
- may lead to blindness
- tx: topical antibiotic or oral antiviral
*keratitis
94
-neurons and neuroglia: main types of cells
-brain and spinal cord
-meninges
Are all parts of the___.
*nervous system
95
- dura mater:outer most layer
- arachnoid mater/subarachnoid space(CSF): spider webby
- pia mater: in direct contact with spinal cord and brain
*meninges
96
- capillaries feed CNS
- very few substances cross this barrier
- immunologically privileged: reduced immune response
- minimal phagocytosis and little to no inflammation
*blood brain barrier
97
Substances that can and cant cross the blood brain barrier:
- yes: O2, water, sugars
- no:antibodies, cells, large molecules
*blood brain barrier
98
Why doesnt the CNS mount an aggressive response to microbial invaders?
*closed compartments, heat and swelling, will cause brain damage
99
There is ___ normal flora in CNS.
*no
100
How do microbes enter?
* traumatic injury
| * started as an infection some where else
101
- mening-itis: inflammation of meninges
- life threatening
- immediate problem: swelling
- contagious
*meningtis
102
- sudden onset within a few days
- severe headache
* ***
- VERY stiff neck
- high fever
- nausea/vomiting
- confusing
* **scream meningitis
- seizures
- tx: antibiotics
*bacterial meningitis
103
-cloudy, yellow/beige(done by lumbar puncture)
-high pressure
-elevated proteins
-decreased glucose
abundant WBC's including phagocytes
*CSF in bacterial meningitis
104
- neisseria menigitids
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- haemophilus influenzae
* **throat infection starts, bacterial***
- listeria monocytogenes
- cryptococcus neoformans(fungus)
*causative agents of meningitis
105
- cause: meningococcal/meningococcemia
- gram negative diplococci
- most serious of meningitis
- verilance factor: capsule, pili, IgA protease
*neisseria menigitidis
106
- hemorrhage, vascular collapse, petechiae
- spread by close contact(droplets)
- young children, young adults, group living
- tx: vaccine, prophylactic abx
*neisseria menigitidis
107
Pin point bleeding under skin is called ___.
*petechiae
108
- cause: pneumococal, gram positive diplococci
- most common cause of community acquired
- severe and acute
- verulance factor: capsule
*streptococcus pneumoniae
109
- produces H2O and alpha hemolysin
- spread by droplet contact
- high risk: elderly and immunocompromised
- tx: 2 vaccines, depends on age and health, IV abx
*streptococcus pneumoniae
110
- severe, acute
- verulance factor: capsule
- spread by droplet contact
- not very common due to vaccine
*haemophilus influenzae
111
- cause: gram positive, multiple morphologies
- food borne(meat and dairy)
- intracellular, spreads one to the next
- not fastidious(cold,heat,and salt)
- mild or subclinical in healthy adults
- can lead to septicemia
*listeria monocytogenes
112
- cause: fungus
- spread through air and dust(bird droppings)
- non-communicable
- may be acute or chronic
- highest rate among AIDS pts(fatal)
- other risk: cancer, diabetes, steroid tx
*cryptococcus neoformans
113
- no fungus or bacteria in CSF(aseptic meningitis)
- usually in children
- usually enteroviruses
- usually resolves in 1-2 weeks
*viral meningitis
114
- cause: most often by s.agalactiae(mother's to be need to watch for)
- meningitis is newborns
- more common in premature babies
- vertical transmission, usually during birth
*neonatal meningitis
115
- tetanus and botulism
- both organsims:
* gram positive rods(purple rods)
* endospores
* obligate anaerobes
*bacterial neurotoxins(exotoxin)
116
- cause: clostridium tetani
- lockjaw
- enters through puncture wound
- release tetanospasmin
*tetanus
117
- spastic paralysis(jaw, back,arms,legs)-->resp muscles (causes death b/c muscles contract and cant relax)
- treat with human TIG and antitoxin(if you know you have tetanus)
- toxoid vaccines DTaP and TD
*tetanus
118
Looks like smile with tetanus b/c facial muscles contract.
*risus sardonias
119
- cause: clostridium botulinum
- may enter through wound, more often food borne
- improperly canned food
- release botulinum toxin
*botulism
120
- flaccid paralysis(descending from muscles of the head) muscles wont contract
- treat with antitoxin
- treat with good food practices
*botulism
121
- cause: mostly viruses
- initially- flu like symptoms
- sever symptoms: nausea, confusion, seizures, personality changes, hallucinations
- causes:
* HSV
* JC virus
* arboviruses
* toxoplasma gondii
*encephalitis
122
- encephalitis in newborns of infected mothers
- poor prognosis
- maternal screening
- acyclovir tx
- in adults:
* reactivation of HSV-1 in trigeminal nerve
* usually subacute
*herpes simplex virus 1 or 2
123
- common virus
- problem in AIDS pts
- progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy:
* virus attacks brain
* cerebral demyelination
* usually fatal
*JC virus
124
- causes: arthopod born viruses, spread by bugs
- WEE, EEE, west nile
- usually spread by mosquitoes
- sever cases-->coma, convulsions and paralysis
- no tx
- prevent by controlling insect population
*arboviruses
125
- cause: spread by mosquitoes
- an arbovirus
- endemic to east coast of north america
- mortality of 33-70%
- sudden onset after 4-10 days
- headache, tremor, high fever(seizures), vomiting, paralysis
- palliative care
- only prevention is avioding mosquitoes
*eastern equine encephalitis
126
- protozoan form of encephalitis
- slow development of low grade symptoms or asymptomatic
- stillbirth
- often fatal in AIDS pts
- primary reservoir: cats
- fecal-oral or food transmission
- prevent with hygeine
*toxoplasma gondii
127
spread by prions: proteinaceous infections particle, no DNA/RNA, not alive
- vCID, kuru
- spread by meat or other tissues(mad cow)
*transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
128
- long incubation, rapid progression, 1 year
- when signs and symptoms start to show death is near
- chronic and fatal
- causes: dementia, uncontrollable muscle contractions, puts holes in the brain
*transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
129
- prions transforms host proteins-->plaques and spogiform damage
- causes: dysesthesia(bad feelings), altered behavior, dementia, impaired senses, delirium(actually confused)
*creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
130
- spread through infected fluids, primarily nervous tissue
- prions withstand heat (including autoclave), chemicals, radiation
- no tx, death 1 year after diagnosis
*creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
131
- cause: enterovirus picornaviridae
- enters and multiplies in oropharynx
- food, water, fomite, fecal contaminated water
- asymptomatic or mild general symptoms
*poliomyelitis
132
- non-paralytic or paralytic
- long term effects, muscles waste away
- tx: early vaccination
- no tx, palliative care, pain management
- iron lung
*poliomyelitis
133
- cause: rabies virus
- causes fatal encephalitis
- infection from animal bit es/scratches or droplet contact(inhalation)
- anxiety, agitation, muscle spasm, convulsions
*rabies
134
- flu-like symptoms-->extreme thirst and difficult swallowing-->death
- wild animals most common reservoirs
- vaccines
- clean debride, treat with IgG(antibody infused in wound), and vaccines
- incubation 3 to 8 weeks
*rabies
135
- disease in meninges and brain
- accidental amoeboid parasites
- cause: naegleria fowleri(brain eating amoeba)
* risk: swimming in water
* burrows into nasal mucosa
* primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
* often to rapid to treat
* carried as normal biota in many children
*meningoencephalitis
136
- heart and pericardium: protection around heart
- blood vessels
* arteries: away from heart
* capillaries: exchange CO
* veins: blood back to heart
*cardiovascular system
137
- lymph vessels: carry lymph
| - lymph nodes
*lymphatic system
138
- leukocytes
* phagocytes
* lymphocytes
- no normal biota in cardiovascular system
*defenses
139
Infections that are everywhere are called ___.
*systemic infections
140
- viruses in blood:___
- fungi in blood:___
- bacteria in blood:___
* viremia
* fungemia
* bacteremia
141
Fungi or bacteria in blood that multiply rapidly, typically bacterial, can lead to septic shock.
*septicemia(sepsis)
142
When you blood pressure bottoms out is called___.
*septic shock
143
- cause: protozoans-p.falciparum, p.vivax( both have a resistance to tx)p.ovale, p.malariae
- dx by blood smear or serology(immune type test)
- spread by mosquitoes(female)
- 10-16 day imcubation
- malaise, nausea
- cycle fever, chills, and sweating(b/c RBC's get ruptured)
- hemolytic anemia, organ enlargement/rupture in liver and spleen
*malaria
144
- endemic to equatorial regions
- prevention: physical and chemoprophylactic (give quinine before traveling)
- tx: quinine, chloroquinolone
*malaria
145
- retrovirus affecting T-cells, cd4 cells
- transmission: blood or sexual contact, vertical
- test: ELIZE, western blot
- T cell count below 200=AIDS
*HIV/AIDS
146
- ADI's, aids defining illnesses
- tx but no cure
- prevention: take meds, safe sex
*HIV/AIDS
147
ADI, its a cancer 3 or more ADi's you are considered having AIDS
*kaposi's sarcoma
148
-antiretroviral therapy
-protease inhibitors: given to expecting mothers
-transcriptase inhibitors
-fusion inhibitors
Are drugs for tx ___.
*HIV
149
- inner lining of the heart
- acute or subacute
- inflammation of endocardium(valves)
- sign/symptoms:
* fever
* joint pain/swelling
* anemia-->fatigue-->weakness
* janeway leasions
* oslers nodes
- towards tips of fingers and toes
* clubbed fingers and toes due to lack of O2
*endocarditis
150
- bacterial challenge in bloodstream:
- colonize valves
- create emboli and bacteria
- causes: s.aureus, s.pyogenes, s.pneumoniae, n.gonorrhea
- usually parenteral transmission
- tx: antibiotics or surgery
*acute endocarditis
151
- cause: alpha hemolytic strep, s.mutans
- preceded by damage or malformation of heart valves
- cuts and lacerations introduce bacteria to bloodstream
- vegetations on heart vavles, bacteria growing in clumps
- prophylactic antibiotics, give to pts with heart murmurs before dental work
*sub-acute endocarditis
152
- bacteria or fungi actively multiplying in blood
- fever, chills, low bp, altered mental state
- gram neg vs gram pos
- result of infections elsewhere or parental introduction
- blood culture
- tx: get blood pressure back up and control infection
- gets mistaking for UTI
*septicemia
153
- cause: yersinia pestis
- gram neg rod with capsule
- 3 types:
- pneumonic
- bubonic: lymph nodes infected
- septicemic
- very low infectious dose, few as 3 bacteria can make you sick
*plague
154
- biologic vector(flees), droplet contact, bodily fluids
- fever, headache, nausea, weakness, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes
- death in 2-4 days if left untretaed
- tx: streptomycin, gentamicin
*plaque
155
- cause: francisella tularensis
- rabbit fever
- gram neg intracellular pathogen(stain pink)
- biologic vector, droplets, fluids, airborne
- low infectious dose, 10 cells to get sick
*tularemia
156
- fever, swollen lymph nodes, portal of entry issues
- vaccine for high risk individuals
- can get by mowing over animal in lawn
- tx:streptomycin, gentimicin
*tularemia
157
- cause: borrellia burgdorferi(spirochete)
- vector: ticks
- erythema migrans rash(bulls eye rash) in 70% of cases
*lyme disease
158
3 stages:
- 1st stage: fatigue, fever, muscle aches, joint pain
- 2nd stage: cardiovascular and neurologic problems, facial palsy may be permanent
- 3rd stage: sever arthritis that is permananet
*lyme disease
159
- changes surface antigens to avoid immune system
- testing is difficult: indirect ELISA, looks for antibodies but can give a lot of false negatives
- vaccine: none
- 3-4 weeks of doxycycline if caught early
*lyme disease
160
- cause: epstein-barr virus, determines if you are going to get the disease or not
- 90% of population: time matters, mostly happens in adolescent years
- direct oral contact or saliva
- long incubation: takes 1 to 2 months to show symptoms
*infectious mononucleosis
161
- symptoms: sore throat, high fever, lypmhadenopathy, leukocytosis(WBC's spike), hepato/splenmegaly, FATIGUE is long term
- supportive care: rest, get fever
- can be a chronic infection
*infectious mononucleosis
162
Enlargement of the liver and spleen, the spleen may rupture.
*hepato/splenmegaly
163
___ is an onco virus that can lead to cancer.
*EBV
164
- cause: RNA virus
- spread by: biological vectors
- symptoms: high fever, internal hemorrhage
- disruption of clotting, increased capillary fragility
- supportive care
- types: yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, ebola/marburg, lassa fever
- called orphan diseases
*hemorrhagic fevers
165
- cause: dengue fever virus
- often called breakbone fever b/c of pain in bones
- biologic vector: female mosquitoe
*dengue fever
166
- zoonotic disease: carried by non human primates
- endemic to SE Asia and India, epidemics on South/central America, Texas, Florida
- vaccine in testing
- supportive care
*dengue fever
167
- high fever
- no capillary fragility
- cause: bacterial
- tx with antibiotics
- pretty common
*nonhemorrhagic fevers
168
-brucellosis
-Q fever
-cat-scratch disease
-rocky mountain fever
-septicemic anthrax
Are all ____ fevers.
*nonhemorrhagic fevers
169
- cause: brucella
- gram negative coccobacilli
- zoonotic disease: farm animals
- live inside phagocytic cells
*brucellosis
170
- direct contact, airborne
- through damage skin or mucus membranes
- undulating fever(up and down), lesions on organs(kidney and liver), muscle aches
- dx by gram gran stain, distinctive looking
*brucellosis
171
- cause: bartonella henselae
- fever due to endotoxin(gram negative)
- fastidious, but not obligate intracellular parasite, does best living inside the cell but doesnt have to
*cat-scratch disease
172
- cat scratch or bite 40% of cats
- small clusters of papules at bite
- prevent: clean cat scratches
- tx: azithromycin
*cat-scratch disease
173
- cause: coxiella burnetti
- small, sporulating, gram negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli
- most common is airborne, food borne, direct contact
- lungs, skin, conjunctiva, respiratory, GI
*Q fever
174
- sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, muscle ache, rash(maybe)
- high risk: farm workers, meat cutters, vets, lab, raw milk
- severe cases: doxycycline is very effective
- shed through feces, and birthing of farm animals
*Q fever
175
- cause: rickettsia rickettsii
- biologic vector: ticks
- sypmtoms: fever, chills, muscle pain, headache, measles-like rash
*rocky mountain spotted fever
176
- cardiovascular disruptions: thrombosis or hemorrhage, low blood pressure
- neurologic effects: coma, seizures
- PCR test
- tx and prevent like lyme disease: doxycycline
- fatal: 20% untreated, 5-10% treated
- prevent getting bit by ticks
*rocky mountain spotted fever
177
- cause: bacillus anthracis
- virulence factors: 3 exotoxins, hemolysins(big concern), capsule
- spread by contact, inhalation and ingestion
- possible outcome of all forms of anthrax, get from another form of anthrax
- site specific+headache, fever, malaise
*septicemic anthrax (in blood)
178
- bleeding from intestine, mucous membranes, orifices, any opening to the human body
- must suspect anthrax-->culture, Ab testing (gets sent away)
- vaccine for high risk
- tx: antibiotics(doxycycline)
- high mortality rate
*septicemic anthrax (in blood)
179
- bleeding from intestine, mucous membranes, orifices, any opening to the human body
- must suspect anthrax-->culture, Ab testing (gets sent away)
- vaccine for high risk
- tx: antibiotics(doxycycline)
- high mortality rate
*septicemic anthrax (in blood)
Mirobiology
flashcards
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