Test 4.5

Question 1

What are the two components of metabolism

Answer 1

Catabolism

Anabolism

Question 2

What is catabolism

Answer 2

• is the breakdown of organic substrates

* releases energy used to synthesize high-energy compounds

Question 3

What is anabolism

Answer 3

• is the synthesis of new organic molecules

* an “uphill” process that forms new chemical bonds

Question 4

All carbs are converted into?

Answer 4

Glucose and then broken down further (glycolysis) or built up into glycogen

Question 5

What must happen to obtain ATP

Answer 5

We must run the citric acid cycle and electron transport system with broken down glucose

Question 6

What are the four steps of cellular metabolism

Answer 6

• Metabolic turnover
• growth and cell division
• special processes, such as secretion, contraction, and propagation of action potentials
• store nutrient reserves( for starvation)

Question 7

What are carbohydrates (Glucose)

Answer 7

• can be chained together to form glycogen and store

* can be broken down in pyruvate and used to make ATP

Question 8

What are lipids (fatty acids)

Answer 8

• can be built together into storage lipids, triglycerides

* can be broken down and used to make ATP

Question 9

What are proteins

Answer 9

• most abundant organic component in body; most often we synthesize new proteins be perform many vital function
• proteins are rarely broken down

Question 10

What’s the body’s last choice as fuel

Answer 10

Proteins

Question 11

What are proteins broken down into

Answer 11

Amino acids

Question 12

Where do useful protein products enter

Answer 12

Citric acid cycle

Question 13

Where are all nutrients funneled into

Answer 13

Citric acid cycle to make ATP

Question 14

After digestion and absorption nutrients that can be used by cells are distributed where?

Answer 14

Throughout the body by bloodstream

Question 15

Once nutrients are inside the cell what happens

Answer 15

They are anabolized or catabolized

Question 16

If fatty acids are anabolized what are they converted to

Answer 16

Triglycerides

Question 17

Is glucose is anabolized what is it coverted to

Answer 17

Glycogen

Question 18

If amino acids are anabolized what are they converted to

Answer 18

Proteins

Question 19

What is metabolism

Answer 19

Refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in the body and includes both catabolism and anabolism

Question 20

What does carbohydrate metabolism include

Answer 20

• Generates ATP and other high-energy compounds
• begins with glycolysis which yeilds 2 pyruvates
• Most ATPs are made in the final process, the electron transport system

Question 21

What is glycolysis

Answer 21

Multistep process to break glucose down into 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 22

Complete metabolism of one glucose molecule yeilds how many ATPs

Answer 22

36 ATPs

Question 23

What does steps 1 and 2 of glycolysis cost

Answer 23

Cost the cell 2 ATP

Question 24

How many step process is gycolysis

Answer 24

7 step process to break glucose down into 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 25

What does step 7 of glycolysis produce

Answer 25

2 ATP molecules

Question 26

Where is most ATP made in?

Answer 26

Electron transport system

Question 27

What happens after glycolysis

Answer 27

Citric acid cycle

Question 28

What is the citric acid cycle

Answer 28

The 2 pyruvates made from glucose now run the citric acid cycle. From 2 turns of the citric acid cycle we get 2 more ATPs, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH. The NADH and FADHs will run the Electron transport system and make us more ATPs

Question 29

What is oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport system

Answer 29

* utilizes carrier proteins and hydrogen gradients * generates ATP from NADH and FADH * requires coenzymes and oxygen * produces more than 90% of ATP used by body * ETS happens in the mitochondria

Question 30

Where is hydrogen pulled from

Answer 30

NADH AND FADH molecules

Question 31

For every 6 H pumped across the mitochondria what happens to ATP

Answer 31

3 ATPs are yeilded

Question 32

What is the total yield from citric acid to ETS

Answer 32

28 ATP

Question 33

What does NADHs produce

Answer 33

3 ATP + 1 H2O

Question 34

What does FADHs produce

Answer 34

2 ATP + 1 H2O

Question 35

summarize ATP production

Answer 35

``` For one glucose molecule processed, cell gains 36 molecule of ATP •2 from glycolysis •4 from NADH generated in glycolysis •2 from citric acid cycle •28 from ETS ```