Explain the Femur ‘Angle of inclination’
There is a natural angle between head and neck of femur, AND shaft of femur.
Note: This is good for your posture. If the angle is too wide, you get bowed legs. If its too narrow you get knock knees. Both wear out the joints unevenly.
Talking about role of Hip Joint ligaments and their strength.
Hip Joint ligaments are:
1) Dense and strong
2) Covers both head and neck of femur.
Name the hip joint ligaments.
Iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament. Transverse ligament of acetabulum, ligament of head of femur.
Describe the structure and function of the knee joint.
Synovial hinge joint Transfers weight from femur to tibia = stability Most stable in extension Flexion 140 degrees
Explain what the menisci are and what they do?
2 fibrocartliage C shaped pads that attach at the intercondylar eminence (on tibia).
function: distributes load, conforms to articular surfaces as the joint moves. Provides lateral and medial stability, minimises friction.
Name the four largest ligaments of the knee and state their function.
medial collateral ligament - reinforces medially.
lateral collateral ligament - reinforces laterally.
anterior cruciate ligament - prevents anterior
displacement of tibia relative to femur
posterior cruciate ligament - Prevents posterior displacement of tibia relative to femur.
What unique things do Gluteus medius and minimus do to for the pelvis?
holds pelvis level by pulling the muscle tight at the iliac crest and greater trochanter. Stop leg from dropping while walking.
What are the differences between the male and female hip? Why is this so?
Child bearing.
Female pelvis has a wider pubic angle 100 degrees +
Women have a larger pelvic outlet
Broader and wider ilia (plural)
Less curve in coccyx and sacrum
Function of the kidney?
Regulate electrolytes Maintain pH Regulate blood pressure by salt:water Excrete wastes, e.g urea, ammonium Reabsorb water, glucose, amino-acid Adrenal glands produce hormones to regulate water and metabolism
Urinary bladder
Autonomic control of internal sphincter
Voluntary control of external sphincter (S2-4) (voluntary)
Smooth muscle walls: detrusor
Function of uteters?
Takes urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
What is a Transition zone?
nerves, veins and arteries pass safely through a pocket i.e femoral triangle and popliteal fossa.
Function of collateral ligaments?
1) collateral ligaments prevent rotation of the tibia and femur on each other. Prevent femur or tibia from abduction and adduction .
Function of menisci?
they form a wedge or deep cup that makes the knee joint more stable as the it makes femur less likely to move laterally or medially.
Cruciate ligament functions?
The cruciate ligaments control the back and forth motion of your knee. ACL prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur, as well as provides rotational stability to the knee.
PCL prevents the tibia from excessive posterior displacement in relation to the femur
What is the function of the pelvic floor/diaphragm?
Support of abdominopelvic viscera (bladder, intestines, uterus etc.) through their tonic contraction.
Resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/abdominal pressure during activities such as coughing or lifting heavy objects.
Urinary and faecal continence.The muscle fibres have a sphincter action on the rectum and urethra. They relax to allow urination and defecation.
Discuss the structure of a synovial joint (5 marks) what are the structures in it and what are their functions?
1) IT IS A MOVEABLE JOINT (1)
2) IT IS A DIARTHROSIS (1)
3) IT IS BETWEEN THE ARTICULAR SURFACES IS A CARTILAGE, USUALLY HYALINE CARTILAGE (1)
4) IT HAS A CAPSULE AROUND THE JOINT, WHICH HAS AN TOUGHER OUTER LINING. THE OUTER LINING HAS OFTEN GOT LIGAMENTS IN IT (1).
5) THE INNER LINING IS A SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
6) THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE PRODUCES SYNOVIAL FLUID WHICH LUBRICATES THE JOINT AND NOURISHES THE CARTILAGE
7) AN EXAMPLE IS THE HIP (0.5)
“Tom, Dick and very nervous Harry” is a mnemonic for remembering the structures that pass through the Tarsal Tunnel medially and into the plantar section of the foot. Tarsal tunnel is partially made by the flexor retinaculum between the medial malleolus and the calcaneus.
Which structures pass through as per the mnemonic ?
T = tibialis posterior tendon D = flexor digitorum longus tendon A = posterior tibial artery V = posterior tibial veins (usually a pair on either side of the artery) N = tibial nerve H = flexor hallucis longus tendon
2 functions of the testes?
sperm production
male hormone production
2 functions of the prostate gland?
Produces nourishing prostatic fluid that protects the sperm from being denatured passing through the acidic urethra. Also protects the sperm from white blood cells in the vaginal canal.
2 functions of the ovaries?
Production of female hormones
Monthly production of eggs
2 functions of the uterus?
1) Nurtures fertilized eggs that develops into a fetus.
2) Expands during pregnancy
2 functions of the Fallopian tube?
1) Carries egg to the uterus
2) transports a fertilized egg to the uterus for implantation.
2 functions of the Vagina?
1) Path for semen towards uterus
2) channel for menstrual flow
