Tests

Question 1

Incorporation - signed contracts

Answer 1

1. Rule in L’Estrange v Graucob
   - L’Estrange v Graucob
   - Toll v Alphapharm (Aus)
2. Exceptions
   - Non-contratual document signed
   - Misrepresentation
   - Vitiating factors

Question 2

Incorporation - unsigned contracts

Answer 2

1. Genera rule - actual knowledge or reasonable notice
2. Red Hand Rule
   - Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking
3. Incorporation by dealing
   - AG v Seven Electrical
   - Hollier v Rambler Motors
4. ## Incorporation by Trade Custom….

Question 3

Rectification

Answer 3

Test set out in Robb v James
1. Parties had a common actual intention about a particular point
2. Intention continued up until point of execution
3. Intention objectively apparent