a piece of witten or printed work/material, regarded in terms of its content rather than its physical form
Text
• text with distinct feature and purpose
• a discussion of topic where concepts and insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner
• a term used to describe various forms of communication, such as written, verbal, and visual. It is a concept used to analyze language and communication as social phenomena.
Discourse
Purpose of discourse
To inform, to persuade, to entertain
Give fact’s, instructions, and directions
To inform
EX.: Textbook, newspaper, research journal
shows an appeal to reader’s emotion
To persuade
ex: essay, advertisements, speech
to give amusement or enjoyment
To entertain
ex: novels, comicbooks
Types of discourse
- Narration
- Description
- Exposition
- Argumentation
- tells a story and is used to communicate a sequence of events.
- can be used to inform, entertain, or persuade an audience. It is often used in literature, film, theater, and television.
Narration
- a type of writing or speech that is used to convey details about a person, place, thing, or event. It uses descriptive language to create vivid imagery and capture the reader’s or listeners attention.
- It often includes sensory images, vivid descriptions, and precise language to provide an accurate and complete picture of the subject.
Description
- Is a type of communication that is used to explain, inform, or describe a topic or issue. It is a form of discourse that is based on facts and data, and is usually objective in nature.
- it’s often used in essays, research papers, and other academic writings
Exposition
- a form of communication that consists of making an argument in order to persuade or convince the listener or reader. It involves presenting evidence and facts to support a claim, and refuting opposing arguments.
- there is usually a clearly defined opinion stated, which is then followed by a series of reasons and facts that support the opinion.
Argumentation
is made up of sentences having the property of grammatical cohesion
Text
is made up of utterances having the property of coherence
Discourse
all ideas in the text must be related in the sense that they would express only one main idea, or that the text must have unity by combining all ideas to emphasize an idea.
Text as a discourse
How to write narration
(Not included)
- introducing the main characters and setting the scene.
- move into the action, or the plot of the story. (describe the events that happen and the decisions that the characters make)
- provide a conclusion that wraps up the story. (the characters’ fates are revealed, unanswered questions
are answered) - keep the story moving forward and avoid long descriptive passages.
How to write description
(Not included)
- Brainstorming ideas and concepts related to the subject. (list of adjectives and descriptive words)
- Create an outline that includes the main points of your discourse.
- Begin writing your discourse. (Vivid language
- Edit it for any errors or typos.
(transitions between your paragraphs make sense, your writing flows smoothly)
How to write exposition
(Not included)
- choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to your audience.
- gather evidence from reliable sources (support your point and argument)
- begin to craft an argument. (Use logical reasoning to support your points)
- Your conclusion should sum up your
argument, provide a clear takeaway for your audience. End your discourse on a strong note
How to write argumentation
(Not included)
- decide on a topic that is controversial or open to debate.
- research your topic thoroughly. Find reliable sources of information and evidence (to back up your arguments)
- Start by introducing your topic and outlining your argument. (provide evidence to support each point you make)
- start writing your argument. (be clear and concise and provide evidence for each point you make)
Freytag‘s Pyramid
Exposition -> Rising Action -> Climax -> falling Action -> Resolution
